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All Journal Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana
Vebriana, Gennesia
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Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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THE ROLE OF OLFACTORY FUNCTION AND MULTIMORBIDITY IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: Peranan Fungsi Penghidu dan Multimorbiditas Terhadap Fungsi Kognitif Kristian, Kevin; Vebriana, Gennesia; Hardi, Nicholas; Turana, Yuda; Handajani, Yvonne Suzy
Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi (Periodic Epidemiology Journal)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jbe.V13I22025.193-200

Abstract

Background: As the population ages, the issue of cognitive impairment is becoming increasingly worrisome, especially with the rise in conditions like multiple chronic diseases and loss of smell among the elderly. Purpose: The goal of this research is to explore how multiple chronic diseases, sense of smell, and cognitive impairment are linked among the senior population. Methods: This study involved 128 individuals at a senior community in Jakarta with an average age of 68.34 years. The presence of multiple chronic diseases was determined by looking for highest prevalence of disease pairs, and the sense of smell was tested with an 8-smell test. Cognitive function was measured with the CERAD questionnaire, with a score below 52 indicating cognitive impairment. The analysis included Chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: The findings suggest a clear link between lower levels of education and cognitive impairment (p=0.018; OR=3.214), as well as between loss of smell and cognitive deterioration (p=0.049; OR=2.565). However, having more than three chronic diseases was found to significantly increase the risk of cognitive impairment (p=0.018; OR=2.678), but there was no significance to support that certain disease pairs were more likely to lead to cognitive impairment. Conclusion: This research underscores the significance of sense of smell and the presence of multiple chronic diseases, especially in greater numbers, as major risk factors for cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Adaptasi Kultural dan Data Normatif Pemeriksaan Olfaktori pada Populasi Lansia Indonesia Martin, Juvenius; Chandra, Kenly; Vebriana, Gennesia; Putra, Aditya; Kristian, Kevin; Handajani, Yvonne Suzy; Turana, Yuda
Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana Vol. 55 No. 2 (2025): VOLUME 55, NO. 2 JULY - DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : PERHATI-KL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32637/orli.v55i2.736

Abstract

Background: The olfactory sense plays a vital role in well-being and cognitive health, particularly in the older adults. Olfactory dysfunction is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and geriatric syndromes like frailty. Existing cognitive tests are education-biased, limiting their applicability. Cultural adaptation of olfactory tests enhances diagnostic accuracy, necessitating region-specific normative data for Indonesia. Purpose: To establish normative olfactory scores for Indonesia’s older adult population using a culturally adapted odor identification test. Method: A descriptive study was conducted on 205 healthy participants aged 60 and above, in Jakarta. Eight culturally familiar odors were used in a forced-choice identification test. Normative data were generated based on percentiles, with the 10th percentile serving as the cut off for hyposmia. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Result: Olfactory function was found to decline with age. Hyposmia thresholds were determined: individuals aged 60-64 years were considered hyposmic if they identified fewer than five odors, while those aged 80+ were hyposmic if they identified fewer than two odors. No significant differences were found between education levels, as both groups shared the same hyposmia thresholds. Conclusion: The study provided normative olfactory data specific to the Indonesia’s older adult population. These results supported the use of culturally adapted tests in clinical practice to detect olfactory dysfunction, which might indicate early cognitive decline. Further research should include longitudinal studies to capture changes over time.
Co-Authors Aditya Putra, Aditya Chandra, Kenly Hardi, Nicholas Kristian, Kevin Martin, Juvenius Yuda Turana Yvonne Suzy Handajani