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Second year of COVID-19 pandemic: mental health among Indonesian urban population Hardi, Nicholas; Gracia, Isadora; Hananta, Linawati
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Vol 12, No 4: December 2023
Publisher : Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v12i4.22787

Mental health problems, particularly anxiety and depression, have increased since the early pandemic. This phenomenon still occurs when the pandemic reached its second year. The study explored the prevalence of anxiety and depression among the urban population. A cross-sectional study was conducted during Jakarta's third dose of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination programs. The Indonesian version of generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to estimate clinically significant anxiety and depression, respectively. Out of the 356 participants, 18.5% and 29.2% of participants presented clinically significant anxiety and depression, respectively. Age differences between the probable anxiety and depression groups with their respective counterparts were statistically significant (p<0.001). Both groups showed a lower mean age. Lower age showed significantly higher anxiety (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.0-1.1) and depressive problems (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.0-1.1). Our result indicated that clinically significant anxiety and depression symptoms were prevalent among the urban population during the second year of the pandemic. Age differences might be an important predictive factor for both symptoms. Age-specific interventions are considered helpful to achieve better mental health and reduce the prevalence.

Association between Anxiety and Dyspepsia among Outpatients at Atma Jaya Hospital Heryadi, Samantha Yaffa; Tenggara, Riki; Suryani, Eva; Widjaja, Nelly Tina; Hardi, Nicholas
The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy Vol 25, No 1 (2024): VOLUME 25, NUMBER 1, April, 2024
Publisher : The Indonesian Society for Digestive Endoscopy

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24871/251202421-26

Background: Anxiety is a psychological condition characterized by excessive fear and worry that occurs continuously and is difficult to control. Anxiety play a significant role in causing dyspepsia through the Brain-Gut Axis mechanism. Although, there are many cases of anxiety and dyspepsia in Indonesia, there is still a lack of research on the relationship between anxiety and dyspepsia in Indonesia, especially in the clinic. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between anxiety and dyspepsia among outpatients at Atma Jaya Hospital.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on outpatients at Atma Jaya Hospital to investigate the relationship between anxiety and dyspepsia. The demographic and patient characteristic data, including gender, age, highest level of education, and habits, such as eating spicy food, drinking coffee, alcohol consumption, smoking, and NSAID used were collected. The GAD-7 and SF-LDQ questionnaires, which have been validated in Indonesian, were used in this study. Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the data to find the relationship between anxiety and dyspepsia.Results: This study obtained 158 participants. The age range of participants who experienced dyspepsia the most is 19-44 years(77.53%). The majority of those who experienced dyspepsia are female (79.12%). The highest education level of the participants who experienced dyspepsia is a Master’s degree (100%). Participants who consumed spicy food accounted for 61.39% while 54.43% consumed coffee, 6.96% consumed alcohol, 12.66% smoked, and 1.90% used NSAIDs. Additionally, 105 participants (66.46%) experienced both anxiety and dyspepsia. The Spearman correlation test results showed a significant relationship between anxiety and dyspepsia (p-value = 0.000) and a moderate correlation (rs = 0.450). Conclusion: There is a moderate correlation between anxiety and dyspepsia. Keywords: Anxiety, Dyspepsia, GAD-7, Heartburn, SF-LDQ.

The Association between Smoking Cigarettes and Anxiety among High School Students Leman, Gabriel Kevin; Hardi, Nicholas; Johanna, Aila
Journal of Urban Health Research Vol. 2 No. 3 (2024): Journal of Urban Health Research
Publisher : School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/juhr.v2i3.5174

Introduction: Cigarette use and nicotine dependence in adolescents are increasing. Nicotine dependence can cause anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking and anxiety in high school students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a case-control design. 160 male students (80 with anxiety, 80 without anxiety) participated in the study. Active smokers were students who smoke, and non-smokers were students who did not smoke at the time of data acquisition. Anxiety was evaluated using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) instrument. Chi-square was applied to analyze the association between smoking habits and anxiety. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The number of smokers and non-smokers were 75 (47%) and 85 (53%). Most students had mild-moderate anxiety (76/95%). Among students with anxiety, 48 (60%) were smokers, while in students without anxiety, only 27 (33.7%) were smokers. Anxiety was associated with smoking habits (OR 2.94, 95%CI 1.55 – 5.61, p=0.001). Conclusions: Smokers have a 2.9 possibility of experiencing anxiety compared to non-smokers in high school students. Keywords: nicotine dependency - cigarette use - anxiety - high school students - negative outcome.

History of Falls and The Use of Walking Aids on The Incidence of Depression in The Elderly in Indonesia Rahmadanty, Nadiya Kamila; Novi Handayani, Maria Dara; Turana, Yuda; Hardi, Nicholas; William, William
Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 20, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v20i1.46202

Depression is a prevalent concern, especially among the elderly who are at risk of falling and rely on walking aids. This study examines the relationship between falls, walking aid usage, and depression in the elderly using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS-5). Conducted as a cross-sectional study, it included respondents aged ≥ 60 years. Among the 2909 respondents, the majority of respondents were aged below 75 years (13.4%), women (51.6%), and lower level of education (84.1%) with a prevalence of depression of 24,1%. The research revealed that age, education, and a history of falls were significantly associated with the occurrence of depression (p0.05). Age above 75 years old (OR: 0,653; 95% CI: 0,495-0,862) and higher education level (OR: 0,626; 95% CI: 0,483-0,811) was found to be a protective factor, while a history of falls was found to be a predictive factor to depression in elderly (OR: 1,996; 95%CI: 1,393-2,332). However, the use of walking aids showed no correlation with depression. These findings suggest that while age and education act as protective factors, a history of falls serves as a predictive factor for depression in the elderly.

Memahami Perilaku Mencari Bantuan dari Perspektif Literasi Kesehatan Mental dan Keyakinan Kesehatan Mental: Analisis Natalia Natalia; Fransisca Theresia; Nicholas Hardi
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 51 No 12 (2024): Kedokteran Umum
Publisher : PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v51i12.1260

Mental disorders were prevalent worldwide, and healthcare utilization was crucial. Initiating and sustaining treatment for individuals with mental disorders was compulsory to achieve recovery, disease burden reduction, and improved quality of life. As an attempt to obtain external assistancen to cope with mental health problems, help-seeking began from the ability to perceive a need for care that raises the seeking help intention. Mental health literacy (MHL) and mental health belief (MHB) influence individuals’ awareness of mental health problems and determine their help-seeking behavior. This review aimed to comprehend help-seeking behavior promotion through MHL, MHB, and interventions known to improve them. Publications within the last 5 years from PubMed and Google Scholar were used as references, including citing the original articles. MHL was influenced by age and gender. Religion, culture, age, and gender have been identified as factors thataffect MHB. Psychoeducation is considered an essential strategy to promote help-seeking behavior, which could be performed individually or in an empowered community. Efforts to understand various populations’ MHB, enhance MHL, and encourage help-seeking behavior should be endorsed. Therefore, early intervention to prevent further mental health burdens could be conducted.

Stigma and Quality of Life Among Pre-elderly with HIV in Jakarta, Indonesia Pakpahan, Evanina Alice; Surilena, Surilena; Hardi, Nicholas
Althea Medical Journal Vol 12, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15850/amj.v12n2.3913

Background: The quality of life (QoL) of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) is affected by physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. During the pre-elderly period (ages 45–59 years), these aspects become major challenges. Stigma is one of the social aspects that may be related to QoL among PLWHIV. This study aimed to examine the correlation between stigma and QoL among pre-elderly with HIV.Method: This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design, conducted from July 2022 to August 2023 in health services and online-based HIV communities in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sampling was performed using convenience sampling, including 120 pre-elderly living with HIV. Data were collected online using Google Forms. Stigma was assessed using the Berger HIV Stigma Scale, while QoL was measured using the WHOQOL-HIV BREF questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test in SPSS.Results: Most participants were male (62.5%). The highest median scores in stigma domains were public attitudes (41) and personalized stigma (36). For QoL, the highest median scores were in the physical and spiritual domains (both 15). Personalized stigma and disclosure concerns were negatively correlated with the physical, psychological, independence, and spiritual QoL domains (p<0.05). Negative self-image demonstrated negative correlations with all QoL domains (p<0.05).Conclusions: Stigma is negatively correlated with the quality of life among pre-elderly with HIV in Jakarta. The greater the stigma experienced, the lower their quality of life. Further research using qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews, is recommended to explore the correlation of each stigma domain with the quality of life.

THE ROLE OF OLFACTORY FUNCTION AND MULTIMORBIDITY IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: Peranan Fungsi Penghidu dan Multimorbiditas Terhadap Fungsi Kognitif Kristian, Kevin; Vebriana, Gennesia; Hardi, Nicholas; Turana, Yuda; Handajani, Yvonne Suzy
Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi (Periodic Epidemiology Journal)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jbe.V13I22025.193-200

Background: As the population ages, the issue of cognitive impairment is becoming increasingly worrisome, especially with the rise in conditions like multiple chronic diseases and loss of smell among the elderly. Purpose: The goal of this research is to explore how multiple chronic diseases, sense of smell, and cognitive impairment are linked among the senior population. Methods: This study involved 128 individuals at a senior community in Jakarta with an average age of 68.34 years. The presence of multiple chronic diseases was determined by looking for highest prevalence of disease pairs, and the sense of smell was tested with an 8-smell test. Cognitive function was measured with the CERAD questionnaire, with a score below 52 indicating cognitive impairment. The analysis included Chi-square tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: The findings suggest a clear link between lower levels of education and cognitive impairment (p=0.018; OR=3.214), as well as between loss of smell and cognitive deterioration (p=0.049; OR=2.565). However, having more than three chronic diseases was found to significantly increase the risk of cognitive impairment (p=0.018; OR=2.678), but there was no significance to support that certain disease pairs were more likely to lead to cognitive impairment. Conclusion: This research underscores the significance of sense of smell and the presence of multiple chronic diseases, especially in greater numbers, as major risk factors for cognitive impairment in the elderly.

PET ATTACHMENT AND STRESS LEVELS AMONG PRECLINICAL MEDICAL STUDENTS Santosa, Mariani; Hardi, Nicholas; Jessica, Cicilia
The Indonesian Journal of Public Health Vol. 20 No. 2 (2025): THE INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijph.v20i2.2025.328-340

Introduction: Medical students are considered an academic group highly prone to stress, with prevalence rates ranging from 28.5% to 78%. Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) has been shown in several studies to correlate positively with stress reduction. A 2021 Rakuten Insight survey across 12 Eastern and Southern Asian countries reported that 41% of respondents kept pets to alleviate sadness and stress, while 36% cited companionship. Pets are seen as valuable emotional resources and adaptive tools for managing stress. Aims: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the levels of stress experienced by preclinical medical students. The study specifically aimed to explore the relationship between the degree of attachment these students have to their pets and their reported stress levels. Methods: A total of 100 preclinical students took part in this study. The pet attachment scores and stress levels were assessed using standard questionnaires. Data from this study were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test and Post Hoc analysis. Results: The average pet attachment score in this study was 49.73. The pet attachment scores were higher in female participants and participants who kept their pets for over nine years. Most respondents experienced moderate stress levels (81%). Significant differences were found in the pet attachment score to mild-moderate stress levels (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results obtained from this study lend support to the hypothesis that attachment to pets has a positive impact on stress levels.

Identification and Treatment for Depressive Disorder: Descriptive Study from Indonesia Dharmady Agus; Hardi, Nicholas; Fransisca Theresia; Aila Johanna; Rima Sisca Fanuela; Ika Suswanti
Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v21i1.14298

Access to professional mental health services was low worldwide, especially in lower-middle-income countries. Indonesia encounters several challenges in providing adequate mental health care. Poor detection could reduce the treatment coverage. This study aimed to determine how many individuals with depression recognize their condition or receive an appropriate diagnosis, as well as the types of treatments they receive. We analyzed secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5th edition (IFLS-5), which included socio-demographic data, levels of well-being, subjective experiences of mental health issues, and treatment information. We found that 6,645 respondents (22.8%) exhibited significant depressive symptoms, yet only 15 respondents (0.1%) reported having a lifetime psychiatric disorder that met the criteria for depression. Most lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (LPD) were made by doctors (93.3%). A significant portion of respondents with a history of psychiatric disorders did not receive any treatment (70.5%), and among those who did, medication was the most common approach. There was considerable gap between the identified significant depressive symptoms and LPD, warranting further exploration. Low detection rates and stigma, potentially linked to Indonesian culture and perceptions of mental health, may underlie these issues. A variety of treatment options must be available and accepted to be beneficial for patients.

Memahami Perilaku Mencari Bantuan dari Perspektif Literasi Kesehatan Mental dan Keyakinan Kesehatan Mental: Analisis Natalia, Natalia; Theresia, Fransisca; Hardi, Nicholas
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 51 No 12 (2024): Kedokteran Umum
Publisher : PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v51i12.1260

Mental disorders were prevalent worldwide, and healthcare utilization was crucial. Initiating and sustaining treatment for individuals with mental disorders was compulsory to achieve recovery, disease burden reduction, and improved quality of life. As an attempt to obtain external assistancen to cope with mental health problems, help-seeking began from the ability to perceive a need for care that raises the seeking help intention. Mental health literacy (MHL) and mental health belief (MHB) influence individuals’ awareness of mental health problems and determine their help-seeking behavior. This review aimed to comprehend help-seeking behavior promotion through MHL, MHB, and interventions known to improve them. Publications within the last 5 years from PubMed and Google Scholar were used as references, including citing the original articles. MHL was influenced by age and gender. Religion, culture, age, and gender have been identified as factors thataffect MHB. Psychoeducation is considered an essential strategy to promote help-seeking behavior, which could be performed individually or in an empowered community. Efforts to understand various populations’ MHB, enhance MHL, and encourage help-seeking behavior should be endorsed. Therefore, early intervention to prevent further mental health burdens could be conducted.

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