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All Journal Reaktor International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Guan, Guoqing
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrochar and Bio-oil from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Sargassum sp. using Choline Chloride (ChCl) Catalyst Rustamaji, Heri; Prakoso, Tirto; Rizkiana, Jenny; Devianto, Hary; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Guan, Guoqing
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 11, No 2 (2022): May 2022
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2022.42595

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to alter the biomass of Sargassum sp. into elective fills and high valuable biomaterials in a hydrothermal process at 200oC for 90 minutes, using ZnCl2 and CaCl2 activating agents, withChClas a catalyst. This method generatedthree primaryoutputs: hydrochar, bio-oil, and gasproducts. ChCl to water ratio varies from 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. The hydrochar yield improved when the catalyst ratio was increased, but the bio-oil and gas yield declined. The highest hydrochar yields were 76.95, 63.25, and 44.16 percent in ZnCl2, CaCl2, and no activating agent samples, respectively.The porosity analysis observed mesopore structures with the most pore diameters between 3.9-5.2 nm with a surface area between 44.71-55.2. The attribute of interaction between activator and catalyst plays a role in pore formation. The hydrochar products with CaCl2 showed the best thermal stability. From the whole experiment, the optimum hydrochar yield (76.95%), optimum surface area (55.42 m2 g-1), and the increase in carbon content from 21.11 to 37.8% were achieved at the ratio of ChCl to water was three, and the activating agent of ZnCl2. The predominant bio-oil components were hexadecane, hexadecanoic, and 9-octadecenoic acids, with a composition of 51.65, 21.44, and 9.87%, respectively the remaining contained aromatic alkanes and other fatty acids. The findings of this study reported that adding activating agents and catalysts improve hydrochar yield and characteristics of hydrochar and bio-oil products, suggesting the potential of hydrochar as a solid fuel or biomaterial and bio-oil as liquid biofuel
The Study of Hydrothermal Carbonization and Activation Factors' Effect on Mesoporous Activated Carbon Production From Sargassum sp. Using a Multilevel Factorial Design Prakoso, Tirto; Rustamaji, Heri; Yonathan, Daniel; Devianto, Hary; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Rizkiana, Jenny; Guan, Guoqing
Reaktor Volume 22 No.2 August 2022
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.22.2.59-69

Abstract

Seaweeds are large-scale multicellular marine algae categorized based on color as Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae. No information has been provided on the conditions affecting the production of mesoporous activated carbon from one member of the described aquatic plants, namely Sargassum sp. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of the main factors and their interactions on Sargassum sp.-derived activated carbon manufactured (SAC) by hydrothermal carbonization and CO2 activation methods. A mathematical approach was employed using a multilevel factorial design with the main factors being the activator type (ZnCl2, CaCl2, & KOH), hydrothermal temperature (200, 225, & 250oC), and activator ratios (2 & 4). Meanwhile, the response variables were yield and BET surface area (SBET) of SAC. Morphological, functional, crystallographic, and porosity characterization was carried out on the samples. The SAC-Ca-200-2 sample had the highest yield, with the value being 26.5 percent of weight. The activators having the highest specific surface area (SBET) were SAC-Zn-250-4, SAC-Ca-225-2, and SAC-K-250-2, with 1552, 1368, and 1799 m2/g, respectively. The pore size distribution in SAC products ranged from 2.16 to 10 nm in diameter. The analysis conducted indicated the activator type and interaction with its ratio substantially impacted the SAC yield value; besides, only the activator type affects the formation of high surface area pores.
Co-Authors Daniel Yonathan, Daniel Devianto, Hary Heri Rustamaji Rizkiana, Jenny Tirto Prakoso Widiatmoko, Pramujo