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All Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika (JITEKI) Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer Communications in Science and Technology Insearch: Information System Research Journal Journal of Science and Technology Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kepulauan Riau (JPPM KEPRI)
Arham, Aulia
State Islamic University Imam Bonjol Padang
Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Social Sciences Other

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Journal : Communications in Science and Technology

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Block-based optimization for enhancing reversible watermarking using reduce difference expansion Arham, Aulia; Adi Nugroho, Hanung
Communications in Science and Technology Vol 9 No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21924/cst.9.1.2024.1368

Abstract

In recent years, reversible watermarking has emerged as a promising technique that safely embeds data in digital images without compromising their originality. This method is particularly useful for sensitive images such as military, art, and medical images, where each pixel contains important information requiring authentication. Researchers have been attempting to develop this method further to increase payload capacity while maintaining visual quality and low computational complexity. In this study, we developed a reversible watermarking with block-based optimization based on Reduced Difference Expansion (RDE) applied to 3×3 pixel blocks, allowing for the embedding of 8?bit data. Based on experimental results from tests conducted on 2 common images and 3 medical images, our method could consistently achieve a payload capacity of up to 0.8924 bpp with a PSNR of 41.077 dB while maintaining good visual quality across various image categories, outperforming previous approaches.
A High-Capacity Reversible Watermarking Technique Using Bit-Level Expansion and Pixel Shifting Arham, Aulia; Alfarozi, Syukron Abu Ishaq; Nugroho, Hanung Adi
Communications in Science and Technology Vol 10 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21924/cst.10.2.2025.1856

Abstract

This paper proposes a high-capacity reversible watermarking method using adaptive bit-level expansion and pixel-class-guided shifting. Pixels are classified into expandable (P0) and non-expandable (P1) according to their 2-bit LSB patterns, and a lightweight reversible transformation converts P1 into P0 with minimal distortion. A shifting map enables exact recovery and avoids overflow/underflow. Secret data are embedded through a 2-bit LSB expansion rule that ensures full reversibility. Experiments on common and medical images demonstrate a consistent embedding capacity of 1.0 bpp, achieving PSNR values above 46 dB and SSIM above 0.97. In addition, the scheme exhibits low computational overhead (<0.7s per image, >380 kbps) while preserving the original histogram distribution. These results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides an effective balance between embedding capacity, visual quality, and computational efficiency for secure medical imaging and authenticated reversible data embedding.
Co-Authors Alfarozi, Syukron Abu Ishaq Hanung Adi Nugroho Hasibuan, Lilis Harianti Muhammad Naufan Rizqullah Novia Lestari Novizal Wendry, Novizal Ozzy Secio Riza Rahmawati, Rahmawati Rendi Saputra Rika Ampuh Hadiguna Riza, Ozzy Secio Rosalina Subhan Ajrin Sudirman