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All Journal Berkala Arkeologi SANGKHAKALA Berkala Arkeologi KALPATARU Kalpataru Amerta Berkala Arkeologi
Sukawati Susetyo
Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional
Religion Arts Humanities Earth & Planetary Sciences Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Physics Social Sciences

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Journal : Kalpataru

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MAKARA PADA MASA SRIWIJAYA Sukawati Susetyo
KALPATARU Vol. 23 No. 2 (2014)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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Abstract

Śrīvijaya was one of the big kingdoms in Indonesia in 7th - 12th Centuries CE. Remains of temples from the Śrīvijaya period are distributed in several areas, from Muara Jambi in Jambi, Muara Takus in Riau, Bumiayu in South Sumatera, up to the several temple complexes of Padang Lawas in North Sumatera. Makara is one element of the temple which is usually paired with kala. This paper will discuss Makaras from Śrīvijaya period that have specific characteristics compared to Makaras at the ancient Matarām, although there are also some similarities to those in Java. Śrīwijaya merupakan salah satu kerajaan besar di Indonesia pada abad ke-7-12 M. Tinggalan bangunan suci dari masa Śrīwijaya tersebar di beberapa kawasan, yaitu Muara Jambi di Jambi, Muara Takus di Riau, Bumiayu di Sumatera Selatan, hingga beberapa kelompok bangunan suci Padang Lawas di Sumatera Utara. Makara merupakan salah satu unsur bangunan candi yang biasanya berpasangan dengan kala. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah ingin mengetahui ciri-ciri makara dari masa Śrīwijaya dengan cara membandingkannya dengan makara-makara dari candi masa Matarām Kuno. Dari hasil penelitian selama ini diketahui bahwa makara Śrīwijaya mempunyai ciri tersendiri, meskipun tidak menafikan adanya beberapa kesamaan dengan makara dari masa Matarām Kuno tersebut.
SITUS KESUBEN: SUATU BUKTI PERADABAN HINDU-BUDDHA DI PANTAI UTARA JAWA TENGAH Sukawati Susetyo
KALPATARU Vol. 24 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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The Indonesian Ancient History has recorded that the oldest historical period in Central Java was the period of the Ancient Matarām Kingdom (8th – 10th centuries CE). At the same period there was the kingdom of Srivijaya on the east coast of Sumatera. On the other hand, according to Chinese chronicles, there had been a kingdom in Java in 5th century CE, namely Ho-ling (She-po). Recent investigations along the north coast of West Java and the east coast of Sumatera have yielded evidences of relations between Indonesia and foreign countries in forms of imported artifacts, although this is not supported by inscriptions. This indicates that evidences of international relations have to be searched in coastal areas because it was where the relations began. The research on the north coast of Central Java was carried out in forms of survey, excavation, and thorough interviews, and the writing method is descriptive-comparative. This research has provided new evidence in form of a candi (temple) at Kesuben Village in Lebaksiu District, Tegal Regency, Central Java. The finds include structure of candi made of bricks, antefixes, and stone statues. Unfortunately we have not been able to identify the religious background of the Candi Kesuben (Kesuben Temple) because there has not been any artifact that can support the identification. Sejarah kuno Indonesia mencatat bahwa masa sejarah tertua di Jawa Tengah adalah Kerajaan Matarām Kuno (abad ke-8-10). Pada waktu yang sama di pantai timur Sumatera terdapat Kerajaan Sriwijaya. Di lain pihak, berita Cina menginformasikan bahwa kerajaan di Jawa sudah ada pada abad ke-5, yaitu Ho-ling (She-po). Penelitian mutakhir di pesisir pantai utara Jawa Barat dan timur Sumatera memberikan bukti adanya hubungan antara Indonesia dengan bangsa asing berupa artefak-artefak dari luar negeri, meskipun tidak didukung oleh data prasasti. Hal tersebut memberikan petunjuk untuk mencari bukti awal hubungan dengan bangsa lain di daerah pesisir pantai. Penelitian di pesisir pantai utara Jawa Tengah ini dilakukan dengan survei, ekskavasi, dan wawancara mendalam, metode penulisan menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif. Penelitian ini berhasil menambahkan data baru berupa temuan candi di Desa Kesuben, Kecamatan Lebaksiu, Kabupaten Tegal, Jawa Tengah.Temuan yang dihasilkan berupa struktur bangunan candi dari bata, antefiks-antefiks, dan arca batu. Hingga saat ini dari penelitian ini belum diketahui latar keagamaan Candi Kesuben karena belum ditemukan artefak yang mendukung.
GAYA SENI ARCA MASA KᾹḌIRI: STUDI TERHADAP ARCA CANDI GURAH DAN CANDI TONDOWONGSO Sukawati Susetyo; Ashar Murdihastomo; Agustijanto Indradjaja; Dimas Nugroho
KALPATARU Vol. 30 No. 1 (2021)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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Abstract

In the archaeology Hindu-Buddhist era in Indonesia, there are several known art styles temple building architecture and statue art: Early Classical Era and Late Classical Era. In more detail, that several eras can be described that Early Classical Era developed during the Old Mātaram era with the center of its reign at Central Java, and Late Classical Era Style developed during Kāḍiri/Siŋhasāri and Majapahit with the center of its reign at East Java. Late Classical Era Style divided into two subs, Kāḍiri/Siŋhasāri and Majapahit. Kāḍiri as an early dynasty in East Java not yet known clearly what the special characteristic style of its temple is building architecture and its statue art, and only been told that the Kāḍiri Era Style is the connecting line between Early Classical Era Style and Late Classical Era. This essay intends to find out special characteristics of the Kāḍiri Era Style (transition art style). For this reason, the research was carried out on statues comes from Gurah Temple and Tondowongso Temple, both temples knew the date, with relative dating method or absolute dating method. From this iconographic research in detail will describe parts of the statues, from then will obtain several features that always appear, and that’s characteristics are considered as a strong characteristic from statues from Kāḍiri Era Style. Dalam arkeologi masa Hindu Buddha di Indonesia, dikenal gaya seni arsitektur bangunan candi dan seni arca masa Klasik Tua dan Klasik Muda. Dapat dijabarkan secara lebih rinci bahwa seni Klasik Tua berkembang pada masa Mātaram Kuna dengan pusat pemerintahan di Jawa bagian Tengah, sedangkan Seni Klasik Muda berkembang pada masa Kāḍiri/Siŋhasāri dan Majapahit dengan pusat pemerintahan di Jawa Timur. Seni Klasik Muda terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu Kāḍiri/Siŋhasāri dan Majapahit. Kāḍiri sebagai suatu dinasti awal di Jawa Timur belum diketahui secara jelas apa saja ciri-ciri khusus, seni bangun candi maupun seni arca, dan hanya dikatakan bahwa gaya seni masa Kāḍiri adalah benang merah yang menghubungkan antara gaya seni Klasik Tua dengan gaya seni Klasik Muda. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus arca-arca masa Kāḍiri (gaya seni peralihan). Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian terhadap arca-arca yang berasal dari Candi Gurah dan Candi Tondowongso. Kedua candi tersebut sudah diketahui pertanggalannya, baik secara relatif maupun absolut, yaitu dari masa Kāḍiri. Melalui penelitian ikonografi secara mendetil terhadap bagian-bagian arca didapatkan beberapa ciri yang selalu muncul, dan ciri tersebut dianggap sebagai ciri kuat arca-arca masa Kāḍiri.
Co-Authors Agustijanto Indradjaja Ashar Murdihastomo Dimas Nugroho