Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Unknown Affiliation

Published : 3 Documents Claim Missing Document
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 3 Documents
Search

THE BEGINNING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICATION TO CYBER ATTACK: THE STATUS OF RULE 30 TALLINN MANUAL 1.0 Iradhati Zahra; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 5 No. 1 (2021): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 5, Number 1, Januari 2021
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v5i1.366

Abstract

ABSTRACTTechnological development has given rise to new means and methods of warfare such as cyber-attack and can potentially have devastating humanitarian consequences. In times of armed conflict, International Humanitarian Law (IHL) limits certain use of weapons, however, it is questionable whether an armed conflict exists in the situation where cyber-attack is employed alone. In 2007, Estonia suffered severe damages due to cyber-attacks that were equal to the damages caused by kinetic weapons. Yet, there is a debate whether IHL applies in the Estonia case due to the shortage of a kinetic weapon. The Estonia case has generated NATO and other states to draft a cyber-warfare manual (Tallinn Manual 1.0) that, in its Rule 30, affirms the IHL applicability in the case of only cyber-attack. Due to the importance of this Rule, this article argues that Rule 30 shall be considered as a legally binding provision in the form of customary international law. This Rule has satisfied widely practiced and opinio juris elements although it is not as ideal as other customary norms. Taking into consideration the rapid development of technology, it is not necessary for Rule 30 to meet the ideal condition of customary law since, according to Grotian Moment Theory, the formation of a new customary international law can be accelerated in times of fundamental change as can be seen in the practice of customary air and space law. Keywords: Customary International Law, Cyber-Attack, Grotian Moment Theory, IHL, Tallinn Manual 1.0 ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi telah melahirkan cara dan metode berperang yang baru seperti serangan siber dan dapat berpotensi menimbulkan kehancuran umat manusia. Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) membatasi penggunaan senjata tertentu saat perang, sayangnya penerapan hukum ini masih dipertanyakan dalam kasus yang hanya melibatkan serangan siber. Tahun 2007 Estonia menderita kerugian akibat dari serangan siber yang tingkat keparahannya dapat disamakan dengan serangan kinetis. Namun, fakta bahwa serangan tersebut tidak melibatkan senjata kinetis melahirkan perdebatan perihal penerapan HHI. Kasus Estonia telah mendorong NATO dan negara-negara lainya untuk merumuskan Manual tentang Perang Siber (Tallinn Manual 1.0) yang mengkonfirmasi penerapan HHI untuk kasus yang hanya melibatkan serangan siber. Pentingnya pengaturan dalam Pasal 30, artikel ini berpendapat bahwa pasal tersebut harus memiliki kekuatan hukum yang mengikat dalam bentuk aturan hukum kebiasaan internasional. Pasal 30 telah memenuhi unsur hukum kebiasaan internasional yakni praktek negara yang luas serta opinio juris. Sekalipun tidak dipenuhi secara sempurna seperti layaknya aturan hukum kebiasaan internasional yang lain. Dengan mempertimbangkan perkembangan teknologi yang pesat, Pasal 30 tidak perlu secara ideal memenuhi unsur norma hukum kebiasaan internasional, karena menurut Grotian Moment Theory pembentukan norma hukum kebiasaan internasional baru dapat dipercepat karena adanya perubahan yang fundamental. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari praktek hukum kebiasaan ruang angkasa. Kata Kunci: Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Serangan Siber, Tallinn Manual 1.0, Teori Grotian Moment
TERRORISM AS CORE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES : THE CASE OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTER (FTF) OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) Angela Jessica Desmonda; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2022
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v6i1.996

Abstract

Since it had established a caliphate in 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) continued to threaten the international peace and security by attacking and killing civilians. ISIS foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) are ISIS members who have combat functions. Altough it is a serious crime, terrorism has not yet been recognized as a stand-alone core international crimes according to customary international law. The fact that ISIS is referred to as a terrorist groups, not a state-entity, has also raised a question of whether ISIS FTFs can only be prosecuted for committing terrorism related offences. This paper argues that terrorism acts by ISIS FTFs can fit the element of the existing core international crimes such as crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide To this end, this paper elaborates the most common offences committed by ISIS FTFs and analyses element of each of core international crimes. This paper concludes that ISIS FTFs should be held liable for those core international crimes and prosecuted before national and international criminal court accordingly.
The Reversed Implementation of the ICC’s Principle of Complementarity: Case Study of Argentina Investigation for Rohingyas Christyanti, B. Lora; Diajeng Wulan Christianti; Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 7, Number 1, January 2023
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v7i1.965

Abstract

Complementarity is the basic principle of the ICC’s jurisdiction. As a fundamental principle, it harmonizes the relationship between ICC and National Courts. The Rome Statute clearly states that the ICC is complementary to national courts. However, in the case of Rohingya, the Argentine Lower Court applied this principle in reverse by rejecting the investigation, requested by the Burmese Rohingya Organization UK under universal jurisdiction, for the case of Rohingya since the ICC had already investigated a similar case. This paper seeks to answer whether the ICC’s complementarity principle can be applied in reverse, as decided by the Argentine Lower Court, according to international law. A juridical normative research method will be used to address these issues. In addition, the recognized principles of interpretation in international law will be used to enrich the meaning of the ICC’s complementarity. Based on the analysis, it is obvious that, according to international law, the complementarity cannot be applied in reverse, even by states parties to the Rome Statute. According to the Rome Statute's provisions, every State is required to exercise criminal jurisdiction over persons responsible for international crimes. For this reason, this paper strengthens the arguments for the Argentine Appeal Court to overturn the Lower Court’s decision and reopen the investigation into the case.