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Journal : Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

A set of embedding rules in IWT for watermark embedding in image watermarking Hafidz, Muhammad Afnan; Ernawan, Ferda; Bakar, Suraya Abu; Fakhreldin, Mohammad
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 36, No 3: December 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i3.pp1512-1520

Abstract

The development of new technologies has made image watermarking crucial in the digital era to preserve and protect illegal distribution of images against unauthorized users. This paper presents a robust image watermarking technique that employs a set of embedding rules in the three-level of integer wavelet transform (IWT). The proposed method aims to achieve high robustness of image watermarking while maintaining the imperceptibility. The proposed scheme divides the red and green layers into non-overlapping 16×16 blocks. Three levels of IWT are applied to obtain 2×2 LL sub-band, four coefficients of IWT are then modified based on the proposed set of rules for embedding watermark. The experimental results demonstrate a comparison of the proposed embedding and the existing methods. The proposed scheme produced an average NC value of 0.965 against the median filter. The results also showed the imperceptibility of the the image with a PSNR of 45.1760 db and SSIM of 0.9995.
Dual image watermarking based on NSST-LWT-DCT for color image Avivah, Siti Nur; Ernawan, Ferda; Mat Raffei, Anis Farihan
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 35, No 2: August 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v35.i2.pp907-915

Abstract

Advanced internet technology allows unauthorized individuals to modify and distribute digital images. Image watermarking is a popular solution for copyright protection and ensuring digital security. This research presents an embedding scheme with a set of conditions using non-subsampled Shearlet transform (NSST), lifting wavelet transform (LWT), and discrete cosine transform (DCT). Red and green channels are employed for the embedding process. The red channel is converted by NSST-LWT. The low-frequency area (LL) frequency is then split into small blocks of 8×8, each partition block is then transformed by DCT. The DCT coefficient of (3,4), (5,2), (5,3), (3,5), called matrix M1, and (2,5), (4,3), (6,2), (4,4), called matrix M2 are selected for singular value decomposition (SVD) process. With a set of conditions, the watermark bits are incorporated into those singular values. The green channel is cropped to get the center image before splitting into 4×4 pixels. The block components are then selected based on the least entropy value for the embedding regions. The selected blocks are then computed using LWT-SVD. A set of conditions for U(1,1) and U(2,1) are used to incorporate the watermark logo. The experimental findings reveal that the suggested scheme achieves high imperceptibility and resilience under various evaluating attacks with an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and correlation value (NC) values are up to 43.89 dB and 0.96, respectively.
Fast image watermarking based on signum of cosine matrix Ernawan, Ferda; Adi, Prajanto Wahyu; Liew, Siau-Chuin; Sarwoko, Eko Adi; Winarno, Edy
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 25, No 3: March 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1383-1391

Abstract

In the field of image watermarking, the singular value decomposition has good imperceptibility and robustness, but it has high complexity.  It divides a host image into matrices of U, S, and V. Singular matrix S has been widely used for embedding and extracting watermark, while orthogonal matrices of U and V are used in decomposition and reconstruction. The proposed signum of cosine matrix method is carried out to eliminate the generation of the three matrices at each block and replace it with a signum of cosine matrix. The proposed signum of cosine matrix is performed faster on the decomposition and reconstruction. The image is transformed into a coefficient matrix C using the signum matrix. The C matrix values are closer to the S value of singular value decomposition which can preserve high quality of the watermarked image. The experimental results show that our method is able to produce similar imperceptibility and robustness level of the watermarked image with less computational time.