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Journal : international journal software engineering and computer science ijsecs

Nationwide PM2.5 Concentration Prediction in Indonesia Using GRU, GRU-Attention, and BiGRU-Attention Models with Sentinel-5P and ERA5-Land Data Lina Adrianti; Tukiyat Tukiyat; Makhsun Makhsun; Tri Ubaya
International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Lembaga Komunitas Informasi Teknologi Aceh (KITA), Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35870/ijsecs.v6i2.7488

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution has become a serious public health and environmental concern in Indonesia, yet ground-based monitoring stations remain limited and unevenly distributed across the archipelago, restricting comprehensive spatial assessment of pollutant concentrations. This study aimed to develop and comparatively evaluate three deep learning architectures, namely Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), GRU with Additive Attention (GRU-Attention), and Bidirectional GRU with Additive Attention (BiGRU-Attention), for predicting daily PM2.5 concentrations in Indonesia by integrating Sentinel-5P satellite atmospheric chemistry products and ERA5-Land meteorological reanalysis data. The dataset combined PM2.5 ground-truth measurements from 26 BMKG monitoring stations covering the period 2020–2025, five Sentinel-5P pollutant variables and four ERA5-Land meteorological variables, producing 35,842 cleaned observations and seventeen engineered features. All variables were spatially and temporally aligned, normalized using RobustScaler with log1p target transformation, and reshaped into seven-day sequences using a stratified-station train, validation, and test split with proportions of 70%, 15%, and 15%. The results showed that BiGRU-Attention achieved the best performance with R² of 0.8302, RMSE of 7.4720 µg/m³, MAE of 4.8368 µg/m³, and MAPE of 26.7009%, outperforming GRU-Attention and the baseline GRU. This MAPE is higher than typical single-city PM2.5 models but is consistent with national-scale studies, where low-concentration observations inflate percentage-based errors. The best model was subsequently applied to produce a national daily PM2.5 distribution map, which can help identify regional PM2.5 hotspots, prioritize locations for additional monitoring infrastructure, and inform targeted air quality interventions in regions where ground-based coverage remains sparse.
Comparative Analysis of LSTM and CNN–LSTM Models for Daily Air Temperature Prediction in Tanjung Priok Port Using Multivariate Meteorological Data Erian Tasa; Tukiyat Tukiyat; Yan Mitha Djaksana
International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science (IJSECS) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Lembaga Komunitas Informasi Teknologi Aceh (KITA), Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35870/ijsecs.v6i2.7564

Abstract

Air temperature prediction is important for supporting weather monitoring and operational activities in port areas. Accurate temperature forecasting can support decision-making related to maritime transportation, logistics, and weather-based risk mitigation. This study compares the performance of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Network–Long Short-Term Memory (CNN–LSTM) models for daily air temperature prediction in the Tanjung Priok Port area. The dataset consists of daily meteorological observations collected from the Tanjung Priok Maritime Meteorological Station, Indonesia, covering the period from 2000 to 2025. Eight input variables were used, including rainfall, sunshine duration, air pressure, average humidity, average wind speed, and three lagged temperature variables. Data preprocessing included data cleaning, 7-day moving average smoothing, MinMaxScaler normalization, and sequence generation using a sliding-window approach. The dataset was divided into training (70%), validation (15%), and testing (15%) sets. Model performance was evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). The results show that the LSTM model achieved the best overall performance, with an MAE of 0.1457 °C, RMSE of 0.1811 °C, MAPE of 0.5030%, and R² of 0.9423. In comparison, the CNN–LSTM model obtained an MAE of 0.2566 °C, RMSE of 0.3316 °C, MAPE of 0.8802%, and R² of 0.8065. These results indicate that the standalone LSTM model performed better than the CNN–LSTM model in predicting daily air temperature for the Tanjung Priok Port dataset.