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Pendugaan Permintaan Pangan Utama di Indonesia: Penerapan Model Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) dengan Data Susenas 1990 Muchjidin Rachmat; nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 12, No 2 (1993): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v12n2.1993.24-38

Abstract

This paper aims at presenting the estimation results of an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) for main food namely, rice, corn, soybeans, sugar and other, using 1990's SUSENAS data. In addition to estimating the parameter from the pooled data, the demand parameters were also estimated regionally (urban and rural separately) as well as from household's income perspective. Moreover, the estimation was also undertaken using both individual household and group of household in particular block census as a sample unit. The results reveal that the budget share of rice is more than 80 percent of the total budget expenditure for food, very much higher compared to the budget share of corn (14.6%), sugar (12.6%), soybeans (2.2%) and other food (5.8%). Own price elasticity of rice is the highest among other food, that is 0.76, followed by corn (0.55), and sugar (0.54). Demand for food in rural area, with the exception for sugar, is more elastic than that in urban area. In general, there is a somewhat difference on demand elasticities between income groups. The results also show that the income elasticity of demand for food is elastic enough, indicating that the demand for food in the near future is expected to increase with the increases on household's income.
Stochastic Production Frontier and Panel Data: Measuring Production Efficiency of Wetland Rice Farms in West Java nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 11, No 1 (1992): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v11n1.1992.19-36

Abstract

IndonesianParameter fungsi produksi yang diestimasi secara statistik, yang umumnya dilakukan dengan metoda estimasi Least Square (LS), merupakan parameter dari fungsi produksi rataan (average). Dengan cara ini, tingkat (in) efisiensi teknis,  sebagaimana disebutkan dalam teori ekonomi produksi, sulit untuk dihitung. Konsep estimasi fungsi produksi frontier, yang belakangan ini mulai populer, memungkinkan kita untuk mengestimasi tingkat inefisiensi produksi secara lebih tepat dan konsisten dengan teori ekonomi produksi. Fungsi produksi frontier ini dapat diduga dengan menggunakan data cross-section maupun dengan data panel. Ketersediaan data panel memungkinkan pendugaan tingkat inefisiensi produksi secara lebih konsisten dengan cukup menggunakan metoda modifikasi dari LS. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan konsep dan penerapan fungsi produksi frontier dengan menggunakan data panel dari usahatani padi sawah dibeberapa daerah produsen padi sawah dikawasan DAS Cimanuk, Jawa Barat. Hasil analisa memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat inefisiensi teknis dalam produksi padi sawah berkisar antara 3,4 - 12 persen, atau rata-rata 6.5 persen. Dengan menggunakan asumsi tertentu, secara kasar dapat diduga jumlah kehilangan hasil produksi padi di Jawa Barat sebesar 0.45 juta ton per tahun.
Kajian Sistem Permintaan Pangan Di Indonesia Handewi P.S. Rachman; nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 13, No 2 (1994): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v13n2.1994.72-89

Abstract

This paper is aimed at analyzing food demand system in Indonesia using the 1990's National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) data. Using an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), the food demand parameters and elasticities were estimated both in aggregated and disaggregated levels, that is an urban-rural and household's income disaggregation, respectively. The results show that during 1987-1990 period, the share of food expenditure in general has been declining relative to non-food, indicating an increasing welfare of the society. Nevertheless, the increase in welfare appears to be enjoyed by urban citizen than those living in the rural areas. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that the expenditure shares on protein-food (fish, meat, eggs, milk, and legumes) in urban area are higher than those in the rural area. The analysis found that: (1) the price demand elasticity for a number of food groups, including cereals and tuber, tend to decline as income increasing, (2) the income elasticity of demand for cereals is lower as income levels get higher, and the opposite is true for the protein-sources of food. The results of this analysis is therefore confirm that increasing income of the society will go along with the promotion of food diversification in consumption.
Model Multinomial Logit dan Aplikasinya dalam Analisa Proses Adopsi Varietas Padi nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 9, No 1 (1990): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v9n1.1990.1-11

Abstract

EnglishA Multinomial or multivariate logit model is, unlike logit model, rarely used for analyzing adoption processes of new agricultural technology in Indonesia. This model is more flexible in terms of its capability to accomodate a multiple-choice decision making process faced by farmer. This article attempts to present a multinomial logit model and its application in assessing a varietal adoption process in rice farming. The discusion focuses on result interpretation, not policy implications due to the fact that the data used in this analysis is relatively outdated. The result shows that price of paddy (gabah) received by farmer, price of fertilizer, labor wages, and total area planted are important determinant for varietal adoption processes. Implementing any policies which tends to favor consumers will, therefore, discourage the adoption of new varieties, which in the long run against the government's effort of maintaining rice-self sufficiency.IndonesianModel multinomial atau multivariate logit, tidak seperti model logit, masih jarang diterapkan dalam menganalisa proses adopsi teknologi usahatani di Indonesia. Model ini lebih fleksibel karena dapat mengakomodasikan berbagai pilihan yang dihadapi oleh pengambilan keputusan, tidak terbatas hanya dua pilihan sebagaimana dalam model logit. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetengahkan model multinomial logit dan penerapannya dalam menganalisa proses adopsi varietas padi. Penekanan diberikan pada interpretasi hasil analisa, bukan implikasi kebijaksanaan, mengingat data yang dipergunakan relatif kedaluarsa. Dari hasil analisa empiris adopsi varietas unggul padi di wilayah DAS Cimanuk, diketahui bahwa harga keluaran dan masukan sangat menentukan peluang diterapkannya varietas unggul. Harga gabah yang petani, harga pupuk, upah tenaga kerja dan luas lahan garapan sangat menentukan peluang pilihan varietas yang ditanam petani. Kebijaksanaan harga gabah yang terlalu condong kepada kepentingan konsumen, akan menghambat proses adopsi varietas baru yang pada akhimya menghambat upaya mempertahankan swasembada beras.
Stochastic Profit Frontier and Panel Data: Measuring Economic Efficiency on Wetland Rice Farms in West Java nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 11, No 2 (1992): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v11n2.1992.19-38

Abstract

IndonesianFungsi keuntungan, sebagai pendekatan dual, sering dipergunakan untuk mengukur tingkat efisiensi  produksi. Pengukuran tingkat efisiensi produksi, baik efisiensi teknis maupun alokatif, dengan menggunakan fungsi keuntungan yang umum dilakukan hanya bersifat ukuran relatif. Konsep fungsi keuntungan frontier memungkinkan tingkat efisiensi diukur secara absolut. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan konsep dan penerapan fungsi keuntungan frontier untuk mengestimasi tingkat inefisiensi ekonomis usahatani padi sawah di wilayah DAS Cimanuk, Jawa Barat. Analisa didasarkan atas data panel (1976-1983) tingkat petani di wilayah tersebut. Dari hasil analisa diketahui bahwa tingkat inefisiensi ekonomis (profit) berkisar antara 6.9 persen to 28.9 persen, atau rata-rata antara 13.8 persen dari keuntungan frontier. Dengan mempergunakan asumsi tertentu, secara kasar dapat diestimasi kehilangan keuntungan (profit losses) per hektar dan total kehilangan keuntungan dalam usahatani padi sawah di Jawa Barat. Hasil analisa memperlihatkan bahwa kehilangan keuntungan usahatani padi sawah di Jawa Barat sebesar Rp 78 milyard setiap tahunnya. Dengan demikian upaya untuk mendorong petani meningkatkan efisiensi memberikan manfaat potensial yang sangat besar.
Perkembangan Konsumsi dan Proyeksi Permintaan Beras di Indonesia nFN Erwidodo; Mewa Ariani; Adreng Purwoto
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 16, No 1-2 (1997): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v16n1-2.1997.42-60

Abstract

This paper describes some analysis results of Susenas data on rice consumption in Indonesia during 1990-1993 and its projection in the future. The results show that participating rate of rice consumption in some provinces is increasing . Based on the participating rate, demand for local rice tended to increase during the period of 1990-1993. However, in rice-producing provinces demand for rice of improved varieties were greater than that for local rice. For the period of 1990-1993 per capita rice consumption decreased in most of the provinces, except in provinces where rice consumption was low, such as provinces of Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, East Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, South-east Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. Demand function analysis showes that income elasticity of rice was still positive but its elasticity values tend to decline. On the other hand, income elasticities on per capita rice consumption in regions of low per capita rice consumption were greater relatively than those in region of high per capita rice consumption. Projection of rice consumption and production for the period of 1993-2003 show that domestic rice production (in the normal climate) was still higher than rice consumption demand. It meant that rice self-sufficiency could be maintained. Increase of rice import volume, especially in 1995 which was more than 2 million tons was more affected by domestic rice production decline due to drought. Furthemore, rice import policy is an important part of national rice "stock" management to stabilise rice price, including to fulfill rice package for civil servants/military.
Evaluasi Kebijaksanaan Industri Persusuan di Indonesia nFN Erwidodo; Fadhil Hasan
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 12, No 1 (1993): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v12n1.1993.48-65

Abstract

The Indonesian dairy sector remains subject to tight regulations, which all aimed at fostering the development of local dairy industry and protecting it from possible unfair overseas competition. There are four principal regulations that directly influence the development of domestic dairy industry, namely the import ratio requirement (BUSEP), import tariffs, an import licensing scheme, and investment restrictions in milk processing. The study shows that the current policy-mix has improved the growth performance of domestic dairy industry, indicated by the significant increased in dairy cattle population, dairy farmers, fresh milk production and the production of dairy end-product as well. In particular, the import ratio requirement (BUSEP) appears to be very effective in fostering domestic milk production and protecting dairy farmers' income, since it provides guarantee that all domestic fresh milk will be absorbed by milk processor at reasonable prices. The analysis, however, indicates that the current policies have contributed potential negative impacts and costs to the economy paid by domestic dairy consumers. The domestic consumers could enjoy considerably larger benefits if less trade restrictions are imposed. Moreover, it is also found that the benefits of protection are mostly enjoyed by milk manufacturer. The authors suggest that gradual movement towards a more deregulated dairy industry is a necessary condition to increase efficiency and strengthen Indonesia's competitive capability in the world market. Abolishing import licensing and gradually reducing import tariffs on dairy products are two crucial policy reforms, besides other direct efforts for increasing efficiency of the industry.
Pendugaan Permintaan Impor Komoditi Kedele dan Gandum Indonesia Muchjidin Rachmat; nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 13, No 1 (1994): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v13n1.1994.43-60

Abstract

Soybean and wheat imported by Indonesian government increase steadily in line with its population and welfare growth. The main reason of remarkable increasing demand is the increasing trend of the industries using those commodities as a raw material. The main source of soybean importation is China and USA, on the other hand wheat is mainly imported from Australia, USA, Canada and Argentina in determining the import demand, the AID model and translog functional form are used, but the Armington model is not suggested due to the restricted assumption needed. The result indicated that there is substitution effect for Indonesian soybean import between Asian and non-Asian Countries. For the same commodity, among Asian countries the nature of importation is complement. For wheat there is a tendency that the nature of relationship is substitute among the countries as a source of Indonesia's importation. Soybean import price elasticity ranges between -0.6 to -2.2, and -0.3 to -0.7 for wheat
Stochastic Profit Frontier and Panel Data: Measuring Economic Efficiency on Wetland Rice Farms in West Java nFN Erwidodo
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 11, No 2 (1992): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v11n2.1992.19-38

Abstract

IndonesianFungsi keuntungan, sebagai pendekatan dual, sering dipergunakan untuk mengukur tingkat efisiensi  produksi. Pengukuran tingkat efisiensi produksi, baik efisiensi teknis maupun alokatif, dengan menggunakan fungsi keuntungan yang umum dilakukan hanya bersifat ukuran relatif. Konsep fungsi keuntungan frontier memungkinkan tingkat efisiensi diukur secara absolut. Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan konsep dan penerapan fungsi keuntungan frontier untuk mengestimasi tingkat inefisiensi ekonomis usahatani padi sawah di wilayah DAS Cimanuk, Jawa Barat. Analisa didasarkan atas data panel (1976-1983) tingkat petani di wilayah tersebut. Dari hasil analisa diketahui bahwa tingkat inefisiensi ekonomis (profit) berkisar antara 6.9 persen to 28.9 persen, atau rata-rata antara 13.8 persen dari keuntungan frontier. Dengan mempergunakan asumsi tertentu, secara kasar dapat diestimasi kehilangan keuntungan (profit losses) per hektar dan total kehilangan keuntungan dalam usahatani padi sawah di Jawa Barat. Hasil analisa memperlihatkan bahwa kehilangan keuntungan usahatani padi sawah di Jawa Barat sebesar Rp 78 milyard setiap tahunnya. Dengan demikian upaya untuk mendorong petani meningkatkan efisiensi memberikan manfaat potensial yang sangat besar.
Perkembangan Konsumsi dan Proyeksi Permintaan Beras di Indonesia nFN Erwidodo; Mewa Ariani; Adreng Purwoto
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 16, No 1-2 (1997): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v16n1-2.1997.42-60

Abstract

This paper describes some analysis results of Susenas data on rice consumption in Indonesia during 1990-1993 and its projection in the future. The results show that participating rate of rice consumption in some provinces is increasing . Based on the participating rate, demand for local rice tended to increase during the period of 1990-1993. However, in rice-producing provinces demand for rice of improved varieties were greater than that for local rice. For the period of 1990-1993 per capita rice consumption decreased in most of the provinces, except in provinces where rice consumption was low, such as provinces of Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, East Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi, South-east Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. Demand function analysis showes that income elasticity of rice was still positive but its elasticity values tend to decline. On the other hand, income elasticities on per capita rice consumption in regions of low per capita rice consumption were greater relatively than those in region of high per capita rice consumption. Projection of rice consumption and production for the period of 1993-2003 show that domestic rice production (in the normal climate) was still higher than rice consumption demand. It meant that rice self-sufficiency could be maintained. Increase of rice import volume, especially in 1995 which was more than 2 million tons was more affected by domestic rice production decline due to drought. Furthemore, rice import policy is an important part of national rice "stock" management to stabilise rice price, including to fulfill rice package for civil servants/military.
Co-Authors Adreng Purwoto Fadhil Hasan Handewi P.S. Rachman Mewa Ariani Muchjidin Rachmat