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Taxation and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries Angga Alexander; Beta Yulianita Gitaharie
ETIKONOMI Vol 23, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty of Economic and Business

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/etk.v23i2.32352

Research Originality: This study contributes to literature by investigating the impact of taxation on income inequality, with a specific focus on Southeast Asian countries.Research Objectives: To investigate the impact of taxation on income inequality in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.Research Methods: A panel data model focusing on ASEAN from 1998 to 2021 was used, and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation method, incorporating fixed effects and instrumental variables was used. Tax instrument comprised two components, namely tax ratio, reflecting volume of tax; and tax structure, representing direct, indirect, and income taxes.Empirical Results: The results showed that tax ratio, direct tax, and income tax reduced income inequality in Southeast Asia. However, the magnitude of the impact should be more significant. Prioritizing education and improving the quality of workforce could effectively reduce income inequality, as shown by Singapore's success in this area.Implications: This study had significant implications for ASEAN policymakers, as it offered valuable insights into designing and implementing taxation policies to reduce income inequality and promote economic development across the region. JEL Classification: D63, H20, H23How to Cite:Alexander, A., Gitaharie, B. Y. (2024). Taxation and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries. Etikonomi, 23(1), 397 – 414. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i2.32352.

Financial Inclusion and Macroeconomic Stability in Eight Southeast Asian Economies Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Vol 16, No 2 (2023): September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jejak.v16i2.42201

More than six in ten people in developing countries in Southeast Asia are unbanked. It may be for this reason that ASEAN prioritizes financial inclusion and financial stability. Financial inclusion aims to enlarge the proportion of the population to access and use financial services. The objectives of this study are to construct financial inclusion index and to investigate the relationship between the constructed index and the macroeconomic stability variables—financial stability, inflation volatility, and output volatility-- in eight Southeast Asian countries for the 2008-2020 period. The three-dimension—access and availability, usage, and technology/infrastructure-- financial inclusion index is constructed using a double principal component method. The result shows that Indonesia (0.55) and Lao (0.53) are the two countries with the highest average index for the period. Employing the panel seemingly unrelated regression, the study finds that financial inclusion has a positive effect on financial stability; and a negative effect on inflation and output volatility. The finding supports the ASEAN authority to continuously expand financial inclusion as it contributes to increasing financial stability, reducing inflation and output volatility, hence, the macroeconomic stability.

Human Capital as a Catalyst for Income Convergence: Evidence from ASEAN-8 Countries Suprayitno, Aziz Wahyu; Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
ETIKONOMI Vol 24, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Economic and Business

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/etk.v24i1.41571

Research Originality: This study takes a novel approach to analyzing the impact of human capital on income convergence in ASEAN-8 countries by comparing three indicators. This comparative analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of human capital dynamics in ASEAN's economic convergence.Research Objectives: This study investigates the impact of human capital on income convergence by applying the concept of β-convergence to the ASEAN-8 countries.Research Methods: The analysis of β-convergence is based on the basic and augmented Solow growth models. The estimation is conducted using static and dynamic panel data regression from 1995 to 2019.Empirical Result: The results reveal the existence of absolute and conditional β-convergence in ASEAN-8 countries, suggesting that poor countries grow faster than rich countries, with human capital playing a crucial role in this process. Human capital, measured by average years of schooling, tertiary gross enrolment ratio, and HCI, are important factors that significantly increase income convergence.Implications: ASEAN-8 governments need to establish policies that enhance human capital, particularly in education, by increasing educational attainment and the rate of return to education.JEL Classification: E24, O47, C13How to Cite:Suprayitno, A. W., & Gitaharie, B. Y. (2025). Human capital as a Catalyst for Income Convergence: Evidence from ASEAN-8 Countries. Etikonomi, 24(1), 265 – 284. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v24i1.41571.

Peningkatan Kinerja Industri Manufaktur di Indonesia Melalui Penurunan High Cost Economy Periode 1990-2003 Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita; Mardanugraha, Eugenia; Nuryakin, Chaikal; Suraya, Suraya
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Vol. 8, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The economic crises attacking Asian regions in the mid of /997 have brought depressing impacts to Indonesia's economy. Indonesia experiences a declining share of investment- it is even the lowest amongst neighboring countries. Indonesia also ranks the first position in the issue of inefficiency which further discourages investors to invest in Indonesia. The study focuses on the issue of efficiency in the manufacturing industry whose share in the economy tends to increase during 1988-2005 in a higher percentage than in the agriculture and services sectors. The objectives of the study are two-folds, first is to measure the score ofefficiency in the manufacturing industry in order to identify which in industries are classified as efficient, moderately efficient, or less efficient. Secondly is to identify whether there is an association between input factor or output degree ofprotection and the score of inefficiency ofa 5-digit-ISIC industry. The method employs in the study is the stochastic production frontier where efficiency is an explicit function ,of specifically determining factors. The study finds that wood preservative industry has the highest efficiency score, while garment and textile industry has the lowest. The study also discovers there are more industries with less and moderately efficient classification. Sources of inefficiency are from the high output tariffs, which have potential contributions to high price and less competitive products in the market. The study recommends that manufacturing industries with low scores of efficiency should improve their productivities through lower cost of production. The government has to make effort to reduce tariff for finished goods. Taxes on luxurious goods and duty charges for export oriented industries should be eliminated as an alternative to increase efficiency in the manufacturing industry. Comparative advantages, particularly for linkage industries, should be improved.

Transmisi Kebijakan Moneter di Indonesia: Credit View atau Money View? Safuan, Sugiharso; Laksono, Beta Yulianita G.
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Vol. 7, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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One of some problematic issues of identification of the effectiveness of the monetary policy is the question on whether the monetary policy mechanism transmissions can perform fully in transmitting the changes of monetary policies into the national and regional level of economy. On earlier studies, Muelgini (2004) relatively compares the effectiveness of monetary policies of the five mechanism transmission channels at the national level of the economy employing impulse response function. The results show that prior to the economic crises in Indonesia credit channel is not effective, and for after crises periods interest rates, credit, and asset price channels are becoming relatively important. Utilizing similar methodology, Laksono (2005) finds that the effectiveness of monetary mechanism varies among regions. This research analyzes the findings of both Muelgini's and Laksono's employing different methodology to evaluate the channels through which monetary policies are transmitted.

CCB Release Impact on Indonesia’s Bank Lending: A Difference-in-Differences Approach Suci, Sang Tyas; Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study investigates the impact of Indonesia’s Capital Conservation Buffer (CCB) release on loan growth during the COVID-19 recession. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach and bank-level data from 2019:Q1 to 2022:Q2, it analyzes how regulatory capital relief affected lending. The results indicate that the regulation was an effective countercyclical tool to increase loan growth, particularly among less-capitalized banks. The research contributes to the limited empirical evidence on capital buffer policies in emerging markets by examining the effectiveness of temporary capital relief in crisis contexts. We suggest future research on the buffer reimposition and exploring its implications for post-crisis lending behavior.

Hawkish-Dovish Signal Analysis in Bank Indonesia's Board of Governors Meeting Press Releases Using Large Language Model Reski Patrianie; Beta Yulianita Gitaharie
Inkubis : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): INKUBIS Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis
Publisher : Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59261/inkubis.v8i2.245

Background: In signaling policy direction, central bank communication is crucial for aligning the expectations of financial market participants and the public with forthcoming monetary policy. This helps reduce economic uncertainty and enhance policy predictability. Objective: This study examines the strategic role of Bank Indonesia’s communication in shaping market expectations and influencing public perception through policy direction signals in Bank Indonesia Board of Governors Meeting press releases. Methods: Observations of these signals were conducted semi-automatically using a large language model (LLM) to analyze sentence-level interpretations by classifying each sentence according to hawkish, neutral, and dovish criteria. Using an ordered probit model, the relationship between policy direction signals in the sentences and changes in policy rates in the subsequent period was investigated. Results: The results show that policy direction signals in press release texts are significantly positive in predicting future policy interest rates. Conclusion: The findings confirm that hawkish and dovish signals embedded in Bank Indonesia’s monthly Board of Governors Meeting press releases significantly predict future policy interest rates, with 80% prediction accuracy. Central bank communication thus serves as a reliable monetary policy instrument that supports market expectation management, reduces financial market volatility, and enhances monetary policy credibility and effectiveness.

How the Demographic Dividend Affects Economic Convergence: Insights from Indonesia I Gede Putu Dharma Yusa; Beta Yulianita Gitaharie
Economics Development Analysis Journal Vol. 13 No. 3 (2024): Economics Development Analysis Journal
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/edaj.v13i3.11755

This study investigates the effect of the demographic dividend on the convergence of regional economic growth in Indonesia post-fiscal decentralization from 2001-2023. Considering the two phases of the demographic dividend, namely the first dividend measured by economic support ratio and the second dividend measured by the accumulation of human capital, this paper uses the frontier and the conventional convergence approaches. The models are empirically estimated by static (Ordinary Least Square, fixed effect, random effect) and dynamic (Generalized Method of Moments) panel data regressions. The results confirm that per capita income growth in Indonesia’s provinces is converging, using both the frontier and conventional approaches. This implies that provinces with low per capita income are catching up to the national average and higher-income provinces. However, the convergence speed is relatively slow and takes a long time (878-1,525 years) to achieve the half-convergence stage. Demographic dividend interventions, such as improving economic support ratio and human capital, significantly boost convergence speed and reduce the time needed for half-convergence. Further analysis indicates that slow convergence may be due to the low-level equilibrium trap in fertility rates and economic support ratios, hindering regional economic growth convergence in Indonesia.

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