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All Journal ETIKONOMI JEJAK Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia
Beta Yulianita Gitaharie
Faculty Of Economics And Business, Department Of Economics, University Of Indonesia, Indonesia
Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Taxation and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries Angga Alexander; Beta Yulianita Gitaharie
ETIKONOMI Vol 23, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty of Economic and Business

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/etk.v23i2.32352

Abstract

Research Originality: This study contributes to literature by investigating the impact of taxation on income inequality, with a specific focus on Southeast Asian countries.Research Objectives: To investigate the impact of taxation on income inequality in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.Research Methods: A panel data model focusing on ASEAN from 1998 to 2021 was used, and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation method, incorporating fixed effects and instrumental variables was used. Tax instrument comprised two components, namely tax ratio, reflecting volume of tax; and tax structure, representing direct, indirect, and income taxes.Empirical Results: The results showed that tax ratio, direct tax, and income tax reduced income inequality in Southeast Asia. However, the magnitude of the impact should be more significant. Prioritizing education and improving the quality of workforce could effectively reduce income inequality, as shown by Singapore's success in this area.Implications: This study had significant implications for ASEAN policymakers, as it offered valuable insights into designing and implementing taxation policies to reduce income inequality and promote economic development across the region. JEL Classification: D63, H20, H23How to Cite:Alexander, A., Gitaharie, B. Y. (2024). Taxation and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries. Etikonomi, 23(1), 397 – 414. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i2.32352.
Financial Inclusion and Macroeconomic Stability in Eight Southeast Asian Economies Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Vol 16, No 2 (2023): September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jejak.v16i2.42201

Abstract

More than six in ten people in developing countries in Southeast Asia are unbanked.  It may be for this reason that  ASEAN prioritizes financial inclusion and financial stability. Financial inclusion aims to enlarge the proportion of the population to access and use financial services.   The objectives of this study are to construct financial inclusion index and to investigate the relationship between the constructed index and the macroeconomic stability variables—financial stability, inflation volatility, and output volatility-- in eight Southeast Asian countries for the 2008-2020 period.  The three-dimension—access and availability, usage, and technology/infrastructure-- financial inclusion index is constructed using a double principal component method.  The result shows that Indonesia (0.55) and Lao (0.53) are the two countries with the highest average index for the period.  Employing the panel seemingly unrelated regression, the study finds that financial inclusion has a positive effect on financial stability; and a negative effect on inflation and output volatility.  The finding supports the ASEAN authority to continuously expand financial inclusion as it contributes to increasing financial stability, reducing inflation and output volatility, hence, the macroeconomic stability.
Human Capital as a Catalyst for Income Convergence: Evidence from ASEAN-8 Countries Suprayitno, Aziz Wahyu; Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
ETIKONOMI Vol 24, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Economic and Business

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/etk.v24i1.41571

Abstract

Research Originality: This study takes a novel approach to analyzing the impact of human capital on income convergence in ASEAN-8 countries by comparing three indicators. This comparative analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of human capital dynamics in ASEAN's economic convergence.Research Objectives: This study investigates the impact of human capital on income convergence by applying the concept of β-convergence to the ASEAN-8 countries.Research Methods: The analysis of β-convergence is based on the basic and augmented Solow growth models. The estimation is conducted using static and dynamic panel data regression from 1995 to 2019.Empirical Result: The results reveal the existence of absolute and conditional β-convergence in ASEAN-8 countries, suggesting that poor countries grow faster than rich countries, with human capital playing a crucial role in this process. Human capital, measured by average years of schooling, tertiary gross enrolment ratio, and HCI, are important factors that significantly increase income convergence.Implications: ASEAN-8 governments need to establish policies that enhance human capital, particularly in education, by increasing educational attainment and the rate of return to education.JEL Classification: E24, O47, C13How to Cite:Suprayitno, A. W., & Gitaharie, B. Y. (2025). Human capital as a Catalyst for Income Convergence: Evidence from ASEAN-8 Countries. Etikonomi, 24(1), 265 – 284. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v24i1.41571.
Peningkatan Kinerja Industri Manufaktur di Indonesia Melalui Penurunan High Cost Economy Periode 1990-2003 Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita; Mardanugraha, Eugenia; Nuryakin, Chaikal; Suraya, Suraya
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The economic crises attacking Asian regions in the mid of /997 have brought depressing impacts to Indonesia's economy. Indonesia experiences a declining share of investment- it is even the lowest amongst neighboring countries. Indonesia also ranks the first position in the issue of inefficiency which further discourages investors to invest in Indonesia. The study focuses on the issue of efficiency in the manufacturing industry whose share in the economy tends to increase during 1988-2005 in a higher percentage than in the agriculture and services sectors. The objectives of the study are two-folds, first is to measure the score ofefficiency in the manufacturing industry in order to identify which in industries are classified as efficient, moderately efficient, or less efficient. Secondly is to identify whether there is an association between input factor or output degree ofprotection and the score of inefficiency ofa 5-digit-ISIC industry. The method employs in the study is the stochastic production frontier where efficiency is an explicit function ,of specifically determining factors. The study finds that wood preservative industry has the highest efficiency score, while garment and textile industry has the lowest. The study also discovers there are more industries with less and moderately efficient classification. Sources of inefficiency are from the high output tariffs, which have potential contributions to high price and less competitive products in the market. The study recommends that manufacturing industries with low scores of efficiency should improve their productivities through lower cost of production. The government has to make effort to reduce tariff for finished goods. Taxes on luxurious goods and duty charges for export oriented industries should be eliminated as an alternative to increase efficiency in the manufacturing industry. Comparative advantages, particularly for linkage industries, should be improved.
CCB Release Impact on Indonesia’s Bank Lending: A Difference-in-Differences Approach Suci, Sang Tyas; Gitaharie, Beta Yulianita
Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This study investigates the impact of Indonesia’s Capital Conservation Buffer (CCB) release on loan growth during the COVID-19 recession. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach and bank-level data from 2019:Q1 to 2022:Q2, it analyzes how regulatory capital relief affected lending. The results indicate that the regulation was an effective countercyclical tool to increase loan growth, particularly among less-capitalized banks. The research contributes to the limited empirical evidence on capital buffer policies in emerging markets by examining the effectiveness of temporary capital relief in crisis contexts. We suggest future research on the buffer reimposition and exploring its implications for post-crisis lending behavior.
Co-Authors Angga Alexander Chaikal Nuryakin Eugenia Mardanugraha Su raya Suci, Sang Tyas Suprayitno, Aziz Wahyu Suraya Suraya