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All Journal Natural B Praxis : Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Masyarakat dan Jejaring Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika ASAWIKA: Media Sosialisasi Abdimas Widya Karya METAL Proceeding of The International Conference on Mathematical Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Computing
Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu
Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang
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CALCULATION ANALYSIS OF HEAT CONDUCTIVITY AND AVERAGE HEAT RATE IN CARBON COMPOSITES Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Nereus Tugur Redationo; Febri Valen Herwinsha
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v1i2.79

Abstract

Carbon is the material most often used in the manufacture of composite materials. Carbon has a fairly high heat conductivity when it is in the form of graphite of 119-165 W.K/m. However, carbon is difficult to form, so another material that has formability is needed. This study used a mixture of carbon, ceramic and wood glue (PVAc) with variations in the main composition of 65% carbon for specimens 1,2,3 and 65% ceramic for specimens 4,5,6. Testing of all specimens was carried out by heating for 30 minutes, followed by temperature data collection every minute. The data that has been obtained is then calculated to determine the value of heat conductivity and average heat rate of each specimen. The highest value of heat conductivity and average heat rate was produced by specimen 2 with a composition of 65% carbon, 15% ceramic and 20% PVAc, where the value for heat conductivity was 95.346 W.K/m and for a heat rate of 206.7 Watt/second. Carbon can increase the conductivity value and heat rate, but if it is mixed with other materials it will certainly be affected, where ceramic affects the surface of the specimen which can cause cracks and reduces the value of the specimen's thermal resistance, while PVAc affects the reduction of surface cracks due to ceramic hardness when heated but can also become insulator in the specimen when bonded to the ceramic
CALCULATION OF POWER REQUIREMENTS TO DRIVE THE BELT WINDER PROTOTYPE PRINTED BY A 3D PRINTER Danang Murdiyanto; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Iga Yuswantoro
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v1i2.88

Abstract

The industrial world in the field of medium and large scale construction and maintenance from both various industrial sectors needs to improve procedures with technology that is efficient, safe, can reduce costs, and can minimize process time. Based on the experience of researchers in the agricultural machinery industry when installing and replacing belts on conveyors is done manually, namely by moving the belt using a forklift and according to researchers it is less efficient. The design of this prototype belt winder is to present the actual performance mechanism of the belt winder machine. The method used is to calculate the prototype design, design using 3d software, then the model is printed using a 3d printer. The last process carried out by researchers is assembling each component, then conducting trials and observing the performance mechanism of the prototype belt winder. The results obtained are able to roll a 1030 mm long belt with the required motor power of 5.31 Watt.
PROTOTYPE DESIGN OF PLATE ROLLER MACHINE Danang Murdiyanto; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Bernadus Daniel Wahyu Prasetya
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v1i1.39

Abstract

Current development of manufacturing industry is expected to have a good and innovative system. Machine planning is a very important part in determining the manufacturing process. Machine prototypes are very important in model and product development, because they can help a designer to evaluate processes, machine performance, and product developments. In this study, a prototype design of a plate roll machine was made. One of the manufacturing processes that is widely used in companies and home industries is the rolling process. Plate roll machine prototype design to find suitable dimensions. The plate roll machine prototype will be made using a 3D printing machine with Polylatic Acid (PLA) material. The prototype plate rolling machine uses a synchronous electric motor type 60KTYZ which has a power of 14 watts and a rotation of 15 rpm. The prototype of this plate rolling machine was tested using aluminum plate as raw material with a length of 820 mm, a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. The test results with a given compressive force of 75 N, namely a deflection of 9 mm with a rolling speed of 0.02 m/s. In the equilibrium test, it is produced by calculating structural statics that the action forces and reaction forces are proven to be balanced.
DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE OF SOLAR COLLECTORS USING PAINT WITH A MIXTURE OF COCONUT SHELL CARBON AND PALM SHELL Nereus Tugur Redationo; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Febri Valen Herwinsha
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v1i1.40

Abstract

Coconut shell carbon and palm shell carbon which undergo a pyrolysis process at 1000oC were used as coatings for solar collectors. The two carbons were tested by SEM to determine their composition. Coconut shell carbon and palm shell carbon were mixed with paint as a coating on the aluminum surface of the solar collector. Aluminum alloy carbon paint was tested for temperature on the surface and bottom. The results of the SEM test, solar collector temperature test and discussion were the basis for knowing the carbon layer content of palm shells, coconut shells and without carbon layers. The results of the SEM test obtained the carbon content of palm shells 86.2% C and coconut shells 92.3% C. The results of the solar collector temperature test for 7 days, on the top surface of the palm shell was 3oC and the bottom surface was 0.9oC. High carbon content indicates a change in temperature in the solar collector.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOAKING TIME AND ROLL DISTANCE ON TWO-ROLL BASED MELINJO OUTER SKIN PEELING MACHINE Yoga Derby Pratama; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Harsa Dhani
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.135

Abstract

The peeling of melinjo skin is an essential process in melinjo processing to produce higher-value processed products, such as melinjo chips and other food ingredients. Melinjo is a plant commonly found in Indonesia and is used in traditional cuisine and snack production. This study examines the effect of variations in roll distance and soaking time on melinjo fruit. The roll distance variations used were 0.9 cm, 1 cm, and 1.1 cm, while the soaking times were 1 hour, 1.5 hours, and 2 hours. In this study, friction force and compression force from the roll drive played a crucial role in achieving optimal peeling. The friction force is influenced by the roll distance, where a 0.9 cm roll distance generates a high friction force, which can damage the seeds. Conversely, a 1.1 cm roll distance reduces the friction force, making the peeling process less effective. Based on force calculations, the required compression force of the roll drive was 39.22 N. Additionally, the highest friction force was recorded at a 0.9 cm roll distance, reaching 84.76 N, while at a 1 cm roll distance, the result was greater than or equal to the compression force of the roll drive 54,16 N. Meanwhile, at a 1.1 cm roll distance, the friction force was lower than the compression force of the roll drive 23,54 N. The soaking process affects the texture of the melinjo skin. With a 1-hour soaking time, the melinjo seed skin remained relatively hard. At 1.5 hours of soaking, the skin started to soften but still required a significant friction force for peeling. After 2 hours of soaking, the skin became soft, allowing it to be peeled off completely. Based on the data obtained, the best peeling results were achieved at a roll distance of 1 cm with a soaking time of 2 hours, as the skin could be easily removed due to the applied friction and compression forces from the roll drive.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PACK CARBURIZING AND QUENCHING PROCESS WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS (700℃, 800℃, AND 900℃) ON THE MICRO-CHARACTERISTICS AND HARDNESS OF STAINLESS STEEL 316L Daniel Angger; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.141

Abstract

His study aims to investigate the effect of temperature variation in pack carburizing and quenching processes on the microstructure and surface hardness of Stainless Steel 316L. The pack carburizing process was conducted using activated carbon derived from robusta coffee grounds at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C with a holding time of 60 minutes. Subsequently, a quenching process was carried out using oil mixed with activated carbon to lock the diffused carbon. The material was tested for mass change, microstructure (via SEM), and surface hardness (using the Vickers method). The results show that increasing temperature significantly affects carbon diffusion and hardness improvement. The highest hardness value was obtained from the quenching process at 900°C with 330 HV, while pack carburizing at the same temperature resulted in 292 HV. The microstructure revealed more dominant Martensitic formation in the quenching process. Therefore, heat treatment with rapid cooling proves to be more effective in enhancing hardness and modifying the microstructure of Stainless Steel 316L.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CARBON MEDIA AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE PACK CARBURIZING PROCESS OF STAINLESS STEEL 316L ON MATERIAL STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS VALUE Wilibald Vincentius Mae Wangge Willyxsilvester; Nereus Tugur Redationo; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.152

Abstract

The need for metal materials in various industries and construction is increasing. Materials that are widely needed by industry, especially the use of current research for the manufacture of electrodes in the electrolysis process. Some of the mechanical properties that are highlighted in quality include strength and wear resistance of the material. To meet these needs, various engineering techniques such as surface coatings are carried out to improve its mechanical properties. One approach that has been introduced is to change the structure of the material using a mixture of natural carbon-based materials, such as coconut shells and Arabica coffee grounds. Coconut shells and Arabica coffee grounds can be processed into carbon through a pyrolysis process at a temperature of 1000°C. The carbon is used as a material for the pack carburizing process with various heating temperatures (700°C, 800°C, 900°C) and various types of coconut shell carbon and Arabica coffee grounds with a base material of 316L stainless steel and will later undergo a testing process that tests the microstructure and hardness. The results of the structural and hardness tests show changes in the structure of the specimen. The higher the temperature, the higher the carbon mass value and the hardness value. Coconut shell carbon specimens with a temperature of 900°C have an average of the highest hardness value of 318 HV and specimens with the lowest hardness value of 293 HV Arabica coffee grounds carbon specimens with a temperature of 700°C. The content of C, Cr, and Ni affects hardness, strength, and high temperature resistance.
THE EFFECT OF NACL AND KOH SOLUTION VARIATIONS ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTIVITY AND CORROSIVITY IN WET HHO GENERATORS USING SS316L ELECTRODES Akmal Tri BasunJaya; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.153

Abstract

The increasing energy demand due to population growth and industrial development has driven the search for clean and renewable alternative energy sources. One promising solution is hydrogen-based energy through water electrolysis, which produces HHO gas (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen).  The efficiency of the electrolysis process is significantly influenced by the type and concentration of the electrolyte solution used, such as NaCl and KOH, as well as the electrode material here, stainless steel SS316L. This study shows that increasing the mass of the electrolyte solution enhances hydrogen production. NaCl with a mass of 153 grams produced 1,509 ppm of hydrogen at the high-variable setting, while KOH with a mass of 147 grams produced up to 2,320 ppm. However, KOH also caused higher corrosion levels, reaching 0.117 grams in the high-variable setup, compared to NaCl at 0.038 grams. The Cl⁻ and OH⁻ ions in the electrolyte are highly reactive and contribute to electrode surface degradation. Furthermore, the electrode position affects hydrogen productivity, where closer proximity to the power source improves reaction efficiency. Therefore, the selection of electrolyte type and the optimization of the electrolysis system configuration are crucial in the development of efficient hydrogen production technology.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON COATING ON STAINLESS STEEL 316L WITH VARIATIONS OF HARDENING PROCESSES (PACK CARBURIZING AND QUENCING) AND TEMPERATURE ON CONDUCTIVITY AND CORROSION RATE cristian bala mudha; Nereus Tugur Redationo; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Desember: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v3i2.157

Abstract

Stainless steel is an alloy steel with corrosion (rust) resistance properties. However, the good corrosion and wear resistance properties of stainless steel also require continuous improvement in its performance and service life, especially in highly aggressive environments. One approach to changing the material structure is by using a mixture based on natural carbon, such as robusta coffee grounds. Robusta coffee grounds will be converted into carbon using a pyrolysis process at a temperature of 1000°C with a holding time of 1 hour. This carbon will be used as a coating material on 316L stainless steel with a variety of pack carburizing and quenching processes and temperatures with a holding time of 1 hour, then it will undergo a testing process that includes: thermal conductivity testing, and corrosion rate testing. In the quenching process, the thermal conductivity value of 900°C has a thermal conductivity value of 20.556 W/m°C, 800°C has a thermal conductivity value of 19.669 W/m°C and a temperature of 700°C with a thermal conductivity value of 18.930 W/m°C. while in the pack carburizing process, the temperature of 900°C has a thermal conductivity value of 20.101 W/m°C, and 800° has a thermal conductivity value of 19.54684 W/m°C, while at 700°C the thermal conductivity value is 18.916 W/m°C. At the raw corrosion rate has a corrosion rate value of 7.614 mm/year, in the quenching process of 700°C has a corrosion rate of 12.781 mm/year, while the temperature of 900°C with a corrosion rate value of 18.401 mm/year, and in the pack carburizing process of 700°C has a corrosion rate value of 9.699 mm/year temperature 900°C with a corrosion rate value of 13.234 mm/year. The better process in thermal conductivity is quenching, because it has a faster time but has a high conductivity value, while for the best corrosion rate is the pack carburizing process because it has a smaller corrosion rate value compared to the quenching process
THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN INITIAL HEATING TEMPERATURE AND MESH SIZE ON THE HARDNESS VALUE AND CALORIFICATION VALUE OF CANDLECRON SHELL BRIQUETTE Manuel Fortunato D.C.T.; Bernardus Crisanto Putra Mbulu; Danang Murdiyanto
Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL) Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Juni: Mechanical, Energy and Material (METAL)
Publisher : Universitas Katolik Widya Karya Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59581/metal.v4i1.174

Abstract

One of the promising renewable energy sources is biomass, particularly underutilized candlenut shells, which can be processed into briquettes as a superior alternative to charcoal. This study aimed to utilize candlenut shell waste for briquette production, evaluating hardness and calorific value under varying carbonization temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) and mesh sizes (30 and 100). Briquettes were produced via carbonization and compression. Hardness was measured using a durometer, yielding the highest value of 76.33 HA at 600°C and 100 mesh, and the lowest of 43.58 HA at 400°C and 30 mesh. Calorific value, determined by bomb calorimetry, peaked at 7834.70 cal/g for 500°C and 30 mesh, while the lowest was 5085.24 cal/g at 500°C and 100 mesh. These results demonstrate that optimized carbonization and particle size enhance briquette quality, promoting sustainable biomass utilization for energy applications.
Co-Authors Akmal Tri BasunJaya Anna Catharina Sri Purna Suswati Antonius Prisma Jalu Permana Bernadus Daniel Wahyu Prasetya cristian bala mudha Daniel Angger Donysius Dwi Hercahyo Febri Valen Herwinsha Harsa Dhani Iga Yuswantoro Manuel Fortunato D.C.T. Mietra Anggara Murdiyanto, Danang Nereus Tugur Redationo Redationo, Nereus Tugur Wilibald Vincentius Mae Wangge Willyxsilvester Yoga Derby Pratama