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KONVERGENSI TINGKAT PENDAPATAN STUDI KASUS 3 PROPINSI DI PULAU JAWA Heriqbaldi, Unggul
Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics Vol 3, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Brawijaya

The objective of this paper is to examine the income convergence in three provincesin Java island such as West Java, Central Java, and East Java during time period2004-2007. Using Â two concepts of convergences which are ï¢-convergence and ï³-convergence, this paper show that in three regions Â there not found ï¢-convergenceand ï³-convergence. This result indicated Â that Â in Â three provinces, Â if there were anincreasing Â in Gross Domestic Regional Product Â (GDRP), Â it always espoused withenhancing in growth GDRP, and enhancing in the gap Â level in one regency to Â theother regency. This means that the estimation result exactly confirmed the happeningof economy development with divergence not convergence.Keywords: income convergences, regional economics, and divergence

Determinants of School Participation in Riau Province in 2019 Abdul Aliem Siddique; Unggul Heriqbaldi
MediaTrend Vol 16, No 2 (2021): OKTOBER
Publisher : Trunojoyo University of Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/mediatrend.v16i2.10083

Education has an important role in economic development, not only in driving economic growth but also in breaking intergenerational poverty. For this reason, the Government of Indonesia has implemented a 12-year compulsory education program in the last decade. Through this program, it is hoped that school enrollment rates will increase and economic development will be of higher quality. However, the implementation of this program was not without obstacles. This study aims to analyze the determinants of school participation in Riau Province in 2019 using data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). The results of this study indicate that the education of the head of the household, the level of welfare and gender have a significant effect on school participation of children aged 7-18 years.

Impact of Corruption Index to Indonesian Rubber (Hs-4001) Export Hairul Rahman; Unggul Heriqbaldi; Firdan Belado Romadona
MediaTrend Vol 17, No 1 (2022): MARET
Publisher : Trunojoyo University of Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/mediatrend.v17i1.10414

This study aims to see the impact of the corruption index which is suspected to be a barrier to Indonesia's rubber exports (HS-4001) to 30 major importing countries during the period 2010 - 2019. The type of data in this study is secondary data in the form of panel data with an estimated fixed effect model (FEM). to see the effect of the independent variables CPIS, ECONS, POPS and FDI on the dependent variable Indonesian rubber exports (HS-4001). The estimation results in this study indicate that the corruption index has no effect on fluctuations in Indonesia's rubber exports (HS-4001) which is caused by the long expiration of rubber products (HS-4001), while the variables of economies of scale and population of scale have a positive effect with different percentages. (2.7% and 49.14%) to Indonesia's rubber exports (HS-4001), for the FDI variable itself has a negative effect on Indonesia's rubber exports (HS-4001) with a percentage of -0.4%.

The determinants of China’s outward foreign direct investment in ASEAN: A panel ARDL approach Unggul Heriqbaldi; Naufira Deilya Mufiidah
Journal of Accounting and Investment Vol 24, No 3: September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jai.v24i3.18256

Research aims: This paper aims to examine factors influencing China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN economies.Design/Methodology/Approach: The Kao panel cointegration approach and the Panel ARDL model were used in this study to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. This method is deemed superior to other panel models since it is advantageous when dealing with non-stationary variables at the level or I(1).Research findings: The estimation results provide empirical evidence that in the long run, ASEAN market size, exchange rate, import and export levels between China and ASEAN countries, inflation rate, and institutional factors such as the index of corruption control and political stability are the primary determinants of the flow of outward foreign direct investments from China to ASEAN economies. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides additional evidence regarding the factors influencing direct investment flow from the home country to the host country, known as an outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Previous studies have robustly proven that OFDI flows are influenced by factors such as the resources and market size of the host country, as predicted by location theory. This study further provides evidence that host country trade policy, the level of competitiveness demonstrated by favorable exchange rates, and institutional factors like corruption control and political stability are other important determinants in the context of China’s OFDI in ASEAN countries.Practitioner/Policy implication: Maintaining open trade policy, a competitive exchange rate and significant improvement in law and order would be suitable policies for ASEAN economies to attract more investment from China and other countries.Research limitation/Implication: This study did not cover other variables, such as investment facilities provided by the host government. In addition, economic packages like tax holidays and import-tariff discounts are common policies ASEAN countries provide. Hence, this variable can be considered in future research.

Indonesian Manufacturing Industry Performance towards Global Trade: An Analytical Review of Professionalism In Islam Muslikhati Muslikhati; Rossanto Dwi Handoyo; Unggul Heriqbaldi
Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): FEBRUARY
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/jes.v8i1.26195

Economic integration involves many countries was necessary to have superior products and competitiveness in the international market. Industrial performance was a benchmark for a country's export success. This study aims to estimate industrial performance by analyzing at the level of technical efficiency and Islamic views on work professionalism where this research analyzes the workforce used in the production process. The method used in this study is the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method. The results found that the level of technical efficiency of companies in the manufacturing industry in Indonesia between 2010 and 2015 with a total of 10,464 companies observed a trend of declining levels of company technical efficiency. In addition, labor as one of the inputs in production is not differentiated based on the level of education, skills and experience. The results imply that companies in the Manufacturing industry in Indonesia have internal problems related to the company's technical efficiency namely professionalism.

INTEGRASI EKONOMI DAN SINKRONISASI SIKLUS BISNIS DI ASEAN 5+3 Mochamad Onky Prahasetia Tandjung Tandjung; Unggul Heriqbaldi
JMBI UNSRAT (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Bisnis dan Inovasi Universitas Sam Ratulangi). Vol 10 No 2 (2023): JMBI UNSRAT Volume 10 Nomor 2
Publisher : FEB Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35794/jmbi.v10i2.49950

Abstract. Economic integration in ASEAN5+3 is formed after the implementation of free trade in ASEAN. The purposed of ASEAN formation to create stable, welfare and competitive economy. One of the requirements to create the currency union will depend on the level of business cycles synchronization with other countries. The more similar of business cycles among countries the more possible to create a regime of collective exchange rate. The Objective of this research is to find out the determinants factor potentially influence the occurrence of business cycles synchronization in ASEAN5+3. This research involves time series data 2002 – 2013 and the cross section data of eight ASEAN plus three countries by using dynamic panel instruments. The estimated result shows that the variable of trade intensity, finance integration, similarity of structure industry, coordination fiscal policy, coordination monetary policy and inflation effect significantly the business cycle synchronization. Abstrak. Integrasi ekonomi di ASEAN5+3 terbentuk setelah diterapkannya perdagangan bebas di ASEAN. Tujuan pembentukan ASEAN untuk menciptakan perekonomian yang stabil, sejahtera, dan kompetitif. Salah satu persyaratan untuk membentuk kesatuan mata uang akan bergantung pada tingkat sinkronisasi siklus bisnis dengan negara lain. Semakin mirip siklus bisnis antar negara, semakin besar kemungkinan terciptanya rezim nilai tukar kolektif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor determinan yang berpotensi mempengaruhi terjadinya sinkronisasi siklus bisnis di ASEAN5+3. Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series 2002 – 2013 dan data cross section delapan negara ASEAN plus tiga negara dengan menggunakan instrumen panel dinamis. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel intensitas perdagangan, integrasi keuangan, kesamaan struktur industri, koordinasi kebijakan fiskal, koordinasi kebijakan moneter dan inflasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sinkronisasi siklus bisnis.

Shadow Economy: Determinants and Its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment Heriqbaldi, Unggul; Jatmiko, Salwaa Fauziyyah
Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jiet.v9i1.57402

The shadow economy poses a significant threat to government revenue and the effectiveness of economic policies. This paper investigates the causes of the shadow economy and its influence on foreign direct investment (FDI). Our study employs the currency demand approach, a component of the indirect method, to identify the determinants of the shadow economy in a dataset covering 105 countries from 2001 to 2017. These countries are categorized into four income groups: high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income. Parameter estimation is conducted using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model, with robustness tests incorporating reference estimates from Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Fixed Effects Model (FEM). Our findings indicate that a higher GDP and lower interest rates are associated with reduced shadow economy activity. Elevated market interest rates increase the cost of funds in the informal sector, discouraging engagement in shadow economic activities due to reduced profitability. Furthermore, higher tax revenues correlate with intensified regulatory enforcement, increasing the risks associated with shadow economy involvement. A larger workforce and lower unemployment rates similarly diminish shadow economy activity. In the context of foreign direct investment (FDI), the shadow economy positively affects FDI flows when formal institutions, including legal frameworks, property rights protection, and regulatory systems, are either weak or overly burdensome. In such scenarios, economic actors may opt for informal channels like the shadow economy, offering a flexible and cost-effective alternative to the formal sector, a crucial consideration for foreign investors.

The Effect of Digitalization and Covid-19 Pandemic on Youth Unemployment in Indonesia Arifin Arifin; Unggul Heriqbaldi
International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR) Vol. 4 No. 6 (2023): International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR)
Publisher : Yayasan Riset dan Pengembangan Intelektual

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37385/ijedr.v5i2.3639

The high rate of youth unemployment in Indonesia is a serious issue that needs to be addressed because it disrupts the national economic resurgence and disrupts the ongoing demographic bonus. Meanwhile, the younger generation is facing changes in the business model in the labor market due to technological advancements and digitalization. This research aims to analyze the impact of digitalization and the Covid-19 pandemic on the youth unemployment rate in Indonesia. The study uses panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia covering the period from 2013 to 2022 and is estimated using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SysGMM) method. The results show that the development of digitalization, proxied by the Information and Communication Technology Development Index (IPTIK), has a positive and significant impact on the increase in youth unemployment. Similarly, the Covid-19 pandemic also has a positive and significant impact on the youth unemployment rate. Digitalization and the Covid-19 pandemic together indicate that the younger generation in Indonesia is vulnerable to economic and technological changes. Therefore, appropriate policies are needed to manage technological developments and address the impact of the pandemic so that the younger generation can be actively involved in the labor market. The results also show that control variables such as economic growth, inflation, and investment have varied effects on youth unemployment. Economic growth has a negative impact, in line with Okun's Law, while inflation does not significantly affect the youth unemployment rate. Investment has a negative and significant impact, indicating that increased investment can reduce youth unemployment in Indonesia.

The determinants of China’s outward foreign direct investment in ASEAN: A panel ARDL approach Unggul Heriqbaldi; Naufira Deilya Mufiidah
Journal of Accounting and Investment Vol. 24 No. 3: September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jai.v24i3.18256

Research aims: This paper aims to examine factors influencing China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in ASEAN economies.Design/Methodology/Approach: The Kao panel cointegration approach and the Panel ARDL model were used in this study to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. This method is deemed superior to other panel models since it is advantageous when dealing with non-stationary variables at the level or I(1).Research findings: The estimation results provide empirical evidence that in the long run, ASEAN market size, exchange rate, import and export levels between China and ASEAN countries, inflation rate, and institutional factors such as the index of corruption control and political stability are the primary determinants of the flow of outward foreign direct investments from China to ASEAN economies. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides additional evidence regarding the factors influencing direct investment flow from the home country to the host country, known as an outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Previous studies have robustly proven that OFDI flows are influenced by factors such as the resources and market size of the host country, as predicted by location theory. This study further provides evidence that host country trade policy, the level of competitiveness demonstrated by favorable exchange rates, and institutional factors like corruption control and political stability are other important determinants in the context of China’s OFDI in ASEAN countries.Practitioner/Policy implication: Maintaining open trade policy, a competitive exchange rate and significant improvement in law and order would be suitable policies for ASEAN economies to attract more investment from China and other countries.Research limitation/Implication: This study did not cover other variables, such as investment facilities provided by the host government. In addition, economic packages like tax holidays and import-tariff discounts are common policies ASEAN countries provide. Hence, this variable can be considered in future research.

The Influence of Economic Uncertainty on Food Security and the Moderating Role of Trade Openness in Developing Countries Algifahri, Astria; Heriqbaldi, Unggul
Journal of Developing Economies Vol. 8 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jde.v8i2.47122

This research examined the influence of economic uncertainty and the moderating role of trade openness on food security in 58 developing countries from 2012 to 2021. The dynamic panel data from the two-step System GMM was utilized to accomplish this. The findings of this research revealed that economic uncertainty did not exert a significant influence on food security in developing countries. Conversely, trade openness demonstrated a positive and significant effect in enhancing food security. Trade openness strengthened the adverse influence of economic uncertainty on food security in developing countries. The estimation results show trade openness has a significant positive effect of 0.0518, economic uncertainty has a positive but insignificant effect on food security, and Economic uncertainty when moderated by trade openness, shows a significant negative effect of -0.0533. The findings indicate that economic uncertainty does not significantly affect food security in developing countries. However, trade openness positively and significantly influences food security, suggesting that increased trade openness can enhance a country's food security. The results reveal a significant negative effect when considering both trade openness and economic uncertainty. It implies that implementing policies that reduce trade openness can enhance food security in high economic uncertainty.

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