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Djoko Kartono
Pusat Teknologi Terapan Kesehatan dan Epidemiologi Klinik
Public Health

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THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013 Kartono, Djoko; Atmarita, Atmarita; Jahari, Abas B; Soekirman, Soekirman; Izwardy, Doddy
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 39, No 1 (2016): Maret 2016
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36457/gizindo.v39i1.207

Abstract

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas  in the normal range indicated that  the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.
ASUPAN IODIUM ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DI INDONESIA Kartono, Djoko; Mulyantoro, Donny K.
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 33, No 1 (2010): Maret 2010
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (409.285 KB)

Abstract

IODINE INTAKE AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN INDONESIAIodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) has been recognized in many areas mainly around volcanoes in Indonesia for a long time. Fortification of salt with iodine has been used for national IDD control for over two decades. Monitoring survey of iodized salt was conducted regularly by Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Health. In 2007, national survey on iodine was conducted by Ministry of Health through Basic Health Research. The objective of this article is to study the intake of iodine through iodized salt at household level and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among school-aged children (6-12 years). Rapid test for iodine content in households salt was carried out throughout the country (280.000 households). Meanwhile, the UIC of 8.250 children’s casual urin sample were carried out from 30 selected districts/cities. Selection of 30 districts/cities was using stratified random sampling from all districts/cities throughout the country. Overall, from the rapid test survey showed that 62,3% households salt contained sufficient iodine. Only 14% of households salt contained no iodine. The median value of UIC among school-aged children was 224 µg/L or far higher than the define population of iodine deficiency. The distribution of UIC values were as follows: 12,9% of children had UIC value less than 100 µg/L, 65,2% between 100-299 µg/L, and 21,9% had UIC value 300 µg/L or over. UIC value of 300 µg/L or over is regarded as having the risk of iodine excess. Children with UIC value 300 µg/L or over were found in almost all of the districts/cities. The majority of household salt contained iodine but has not reached the universal salt iodisation. Median value of UIC of school age children that is the proxy of iodine intake is under the tolerable upper intake level.Keywords: school aged children, household, iodized salt, urinary iodine
HUBUNGAN ANTENATAL CAREDENGAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR BAYI DI INDONESIA (ANALISIS LANJUT DATA RISKESDAS 2010) Ernawati, Fitrah; Kartono, Djoko; Puspitasari, Dyah Santi
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 34, No 1 (2011): Maret 2011
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (127.245 KB)

Abstract

Prevalensi BBLR di Indonesia cukup tinggi mencapai 11,5 persen (Riskesdas 2007). Berat badan lahir sangat berpengaruh terhadap status kesehatan di masa dewasa. Berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR), yaitu berat lahir kurang dari 2500 gr, berkorelasi erat dengan penyakit degenerative diusia dewasa (Barker 1998). Tujuan penelitian adalah meneliti hubungan kunjungan antenatal dengan berat badan lahir di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjutdata Riskesdas 2010. Sampel penelitian adalah seluruh ibu yang mempunyai anak usia satu tahun ke bawah yang mempunyai data berat badan lahir dari sampel Riskesdas 2010. Jumlah sampel 2926 anak usia kurang dari satu tahun. Variabel yang diteliti meliputi: ANC, paritas, umur ibu saat melahirkan, jarak kelahiran, ditimbang saat ANC, diukur tinggi badan, diukur tekanan darah, diperiksa air seni,diperiksa darah (hb),dijelaskan tanda komplikasi, disuntik TT, diberi pil besi, tinggi badan ibu, status ekonomi. ANC dikatagorikan baik jika memenuhi syarat minimal satu kali kunjungan pada trimester satu, satu kali pada trimester dua dan dua kali pada trimester tiga. Untuk mengetahui hubungan ANC dengan kejadian BBLR menggunakan uji statisik regresi logistik Ganda. Hasil uji bivariat menemukan variabel yang berpotensi menjadi variabel yang berhubungan dengan berat badan lahir (p<0,05) yaitu kunjungan ANC, penjelasan tanda komplikasi saat ANC, dan jarak lahir. Setelah dilakukan uji multivariate menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara ANC dengan kejadian BBLR dengan OR 1.8 (CI 95%: 1.3 - 2.5). Artinya ibuyang melakukan kunjungan ante-natal care lebih dari 4 kali mempunyai peluang untuk tidak melahirkan anak BBLR sebesar 1,8 kali dibandingkan dengan ibu yang melakukan ante-natal care kurang dari 4 kali. Hasil uji interaksi dan uji confounding tidak menemukan adanya interaksi diantara variabel independen dan pengaruh variabel confoundingterhadap hubungan antara ANC dengan kejadian BBLR.Kata kunci: antenatal care, BBLR, paritas, jarak kelahiran
THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013 Kartono, Djoko; Atmarita, Atmarita; Jahari, Abas B; Soekirman, Soekirman; Izwardy, Doddy
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 39, No 1 (2016): Maret 2016
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (468.503 KB)

Abstract

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas  in the normal range indicated that  the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (<150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.
Co-Authors Abas B Jahari, Abas B Atmarita Atmarita Doddy Izwardy, Doddy Donny K. Mulyantoro, Donny K. Dyah Santi Puspitasari Fitrah Ernawati Soekirman Soekirman