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THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013 Kartono, Djoko; Atmarita, Atmarita; Jahari, Abas B; Soekirman, Soekirman; Izwardy, Doddy
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 39, No 1 (2016): Maret 2016
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36457/gizindo.v39i1.207

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas in the normal range indicated that the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.

ASUPAN GULA, GARAM, DAN LEMAK DI INDONESIA: Analisis Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014 Atmarita, Atmarita; Jahari, Abas B; Sudikno, Sudikno; Soekatri, Moesijanti
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 39, No 1 (2016): Maret 2016
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is facing a very complex health problems. Non-communicable diseases is increasing, while infectious diseases still quite dominant. Among other contributing factors is the imbalance of daily required nutrients intake. Overweight is closely associated with daily intake level of consumed foods, especially the calorie contributors such as sugar and fat, besides, excessive salt intake drives people to eat more. This article is intended to determine the intake of sugar, salt and fat of Indonesian population that is exceeding the WHO recommendations. The analysis used the data of Individual Food Consumption Survey or SKMI 2014 that collected data and asked all food consumed in the last 24 hours from 45,802 households and 145,360 household members in all provinces in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis of all 17 food groups was undertaken to calculate the intake level of sugar, salt, and fat of each individual, and also calculated the proportion based on the characteristics of age group, sex, place of residence, socio-economic, and by province as well. The analysis showed that 77 million people or 29.7 percent of Indonesia's population consumed sugar, salt, and fat exceeding WHO recommendations: sugar (> 50 g/day), salt (> 5 g/day), and fat (> 67 g/day). This should be anticipated due to the increasing trend of people with non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke which have already apparent from 2007 to 2013. It was suggested to reduce the intake of sugar, salt, and fat need of the population through advocacy, counseling, socialization at schools, food and beverage industries, restaurants, factories, and other relevant institutions.ABSTRAKIndonesia menghadapi masalah kesehatan yang sangat kompleks. Penyakit tidak menular semakin meningkat, sementara penyakit menular masih cukup dominan. Faktor penyebabnya antara lain adalah tidak seimbangnya asupan zat gizi yang dibutuhkan sehari-hari. Kelebihan berat badan sangat erat kaitannya dengan konsumsi makanan sehari-hari, terutama penyumbang kalori, seperti gula dan lemak, selain asupan garam yang cenderung membuat orang untuk mengonsumsi makan lebih banyak. Artikel ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui asupan gula, garam, dan lemak penduduk Indonesia yang melebihi rekomendasi WHO. Analisis menggunakan data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014 yang mengumpulkan data dan menanyakan semua yang dikonsumsi 24 jam terakhir dari 45.802 rumah tangga dan 145.360 anggota rumah tangga di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia. Analisis deskriptif dari ke-17 kelompok makanan dilakukan untuk menghitung asupan gula, garam, dan lemak (GGL) dari setiap individu, dan juga dihitung proporsi berdasarkan karakteristik: kelompok umur, jenis kelamin, tempat tinggal, sosial-ekonomi, dan juga menurut provinsi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 29,7 persen penduduk Indonesia atau setara dengan 77 juta jiwa sudah mengonsumsi GGL melebihi rekomendasi WHO: gula (>50 gram/hari), garam (>5 gram/hari), dan lemak (>67 gram/hari). Hal ini perlu diantisipasi mengingat kecenderungan meningkatnya penderita penyakit tidak menular, seperti: obesitas, hipertensi, diabet mellitus, dan stroke yang sudah jelas dari tahun 2007 ke tahun 2013. Saran untuk mengurangi asupan GGL ini perlu segera dilakukan dengan target seluruh penduduk, melalui advokasi/penyuluhan/sosialisasi di sekolah, industri makanan-minuman, restoran, pabrik, dan institusi terkait lainnya. Kata kunci: asupan gula-garam-lemak, penyakit tidak menular, penduduk Indonesia

THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013 Kartono, Djoko; Atmarita, Atmarita; Jahari, Abas B; Soekirman, Soekirman; Izwardy, Doddy
GIZI INDONESIA Vol 39, No 1 (2016): Maret 2016
Publisher : PERSATUAN AHLI GIZI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (468.503 KB)

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas in the normal range indicated that the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (<150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.

Perbandingan Status Gizi Balita, Data Susenas 2005 Berdasarkan Rujukan Harvard, NCHS, CDC dan Standar WHO Nadiyah, Nadiyah; Jus'at, Idrus; Zulfianto, Nils Aria; Atmarita, Atmarita
Jurnal Nutrire Diaita (Ilmu Gizi) Vol 2, No 1 (2010)
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan Unversitas Esa Unggul

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47007/nut.v2i1.665

AbstractAccording to the comparison of WHO curve standards in 2005 with international standards earlier, they said that the prevalence of infants who are underweight and age in the first half-year period will be increased and the prevalence of underweight children above the age of 6 months will be decreased. The aims of this study is to determine the proportion of malnutrition among children under five years between four reference standards and differences of standards (Havard, NCHS, CDC, and WHO Standards) and large of deviation by previous references to the new standards. This analysis used survey design along with comparative study. The sample of this study is children with aged 0-59 months from data SUSENAS 2005 (93.0). The data was collected such as gender, date of birth, date of weighing, and body weight. The results shows the proportion of underweight children underfive year among four references and standards is different in particular ages. In the analysis of sensitivity and specificity shows that the reference category of nutritional deviation value from CDC is lower (2.15% for males and 1.89% for females) than the other standards. The deviation values of Harvard is 8.41% for males and 4.08% for females. The deviation values of NCHS is 4.65% for males and 21.4% for females. TheÂ standard instruction of WHO as description of growth â€œwhat should beâ€ is the best food for infants aged 0-6 months is only breast milk or we called exclusive breastfeeding and the further we should give additional foods after 6 months by continuing give the breastfeeding until 24 months.Keywords: children under five year, nutritional status, WHO standardÂ AbstrakPada tahun 2005, WHO mengeluarkan standar internasional baru yang disebut Standar WHO 2005. Oleh WHO, perbandingan kurva standar WHO 2005 dengan standar-standar internasional sebelumnya telah digambarkan dalam grafik dan dikatakan bahwa dengan menggunakan standar WHO, prevalensi bayi yang mengalami kekurangan berat badan dan usianya dalam periode setengah tahun pertama akan meningkat dan prevalensi anak yang berat badannya kurang diatas umur 6 bulan akan menurun. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah proprosi balita gizi kurang antara keempat rujukan dan standar (rujukan Harvard, NCHS, CDC dan standar WHO) berbeda dan seberapa besar penyimpangan oleh rujukan-rujukan sebelumnya terhadap standar terbaru. Analisis ini menggunakan pendekatan survei dengan jenis studi komparatif. Sampel adalah kelompok balita usia 0-59 bulan berasal dari data Susenas 2005, sebanyak 93044 balita. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data jenis kelamin, tanggal lahir, tanggal penimbangan, dan berat badan. Hasil uji beda proporsi menyatakan bahwa proporsi balita gizi kurang antara keempat rujukan dan standar saling berlainan pada umur-umur tertentu. Pada analisis sensitifitas dan spesifisitas tampak bahwa rujukan yang penyimpangan pengkategorian gizi kurangnya paling kecil adalah rujukan CDC (2.15% pada laki-laki dan 1.89% pada perempuan). Penyimpangan pada rujukan Harvard sebesar 8.41% untuk laki-laki dan 4.08% untuk perempuan. Penyimpangan pada rujukan NCHS sebesar 4.65% untuk laki-laki dan 4.21% untuk perempuan. Pesan standar WHO sebagai gambaran pertumbuhan â€œwhat should beâ€ adalah bahwa makanan yang terbaik bagi anak usia 0-6 bulan adalah ASI saja atau disebut ASI eksklusif dan selanjutnya diberikan makanan tambahan setelah usia 6 bulan seiring ASI tetap diteruskan sampai umur 24 bulan.Kata kunci: balita, status gizi, standar WHO

Kontribusi Zat Besi, Seng, dan Vitamin B9 dari Konsumsi Terigu berdasarkan Data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Indonesia (SKMI) 2014: The Contribution of Wheat Flour to Fe, Zn, and Vitamin B9 based on Indonesian Food Consumption Survey (SKMI) Data 2014 Martianto, Drajat; Atmarita, Atmarita; Sardjunani, Nina; Kartika, Roza; Machfud, Elmira Fairuz Khilda
Jurnal Ilmu Gizi dan Dietetik Vol 3 No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, IPB dan PERGIZI PANGAN Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25182/jigd.2024.3.2.91-99

The mandatory wheat flour fortification programme in Indonesia aims to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Despite this, the programme's effectiveness has rarely been evaluated. This study analyzes the contribution of wheat flour and processed food consumption to the intake of Fe, Zn, and vitamin B9 (folic acid) using data from the 2014 Indonesian Food Consumption Survey (SKMI). The study utilized a cross-sectional research design and included a large sample of 145.360 subjects. The results clearly demonstrate that the average wheat flour consumption among the Indonesian population falls short of the recommended consumption level of 75 g/cap/day for a successful food fortification programme, with an average of only 43.17±72.78 g/cap/day. It is noteworthy that only a small percentage of the Indonesian population, ranging from 10-30%, consumes wheat flour above the recommended level. Consuming wheat flour at a rate of 75 g or more per capita per day contributes to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of iron, zinc, and folic acid intake, providing 20.35±11.96% of the RDA of iron intake, 57.52±32.73% of the RDA of zinc intake, and 12.01±6.45% of the RDA of folic acid intake. Regular monitoring of wheat flour consumption is needed to evaluate the impact of flour fortification in reducing micronutrient deficiency in Indonesia. The Indonesian Food Consumption Survey (SKMI) needs to be conducted now and regularly in the future so that the development of flour consumption and its contribution to overcoming IDA problems can continue to be monitored, as the basis to improve the policy to tackle iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) problem in Indonesia.

Kontribusi Konsumsi Minyak Goreng Sawit Kemasan terhadap Asupan Vitamin A: Contribution of Packaged Palm Cooking Oil Consumption toward Vitamin A Adequacy Martianto, Drajat; Atmarita, Atmarita; Sardjunani, Nina; Machfud, Elmira Fairuz Khilda; Kartika, Roza
Jurnal Ilmu Gizi dan Dietetik Vol 3 No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Departemen Gizi Masyarakat, Fakultas Ekologi Manusia, IPB dan PERGIZI PANGAN Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25182/jigd.2024.3.3.183-190

Kekurangan asupan vitamin A dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan yang serius mulai dari gangguan penglihatan hingga kebutaan serta gangguan pertumbuhan dan sistem imun. Disamping suplementasi Vitamin A dosis tinggi, upaya fortifikasi vitamin A dalam minyak goreng sawit telah dicanangkan pemerintah sebagai program fortifikasi wajib sejak pemberlakuan SNI Minyak Goreng Sawit tahun 2012 untuk minyak sawit yang dikemas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kontribusi konsumsi minyak goreng kemasan terfortifikasi terhadap pemenuhan asupan vitamin A penduduk Indonesia. Hasil perhitungan menggunakan Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) dari data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014 menunjukkan proporsi ketidakcukupan vitamin A penduduk Indonesia sebesar 59% dengan proporsi paling besar terjadi pada kelompok ibu hamil yang hampir mencapai 70%. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan konsumsi minyak goreng sawit kemasan rata-rata hanya 14,99% sisanya 85% konsumsi minyak goreng sawit curah yang umumnya dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat berpendapatan rendah yang sangat potensial kekurangan Vitamin A akibat rendahnya kualitas diet mereka. Fortifikasi minyak untuk mengatasi kurang vitamin A tanpa menyertakan minyak curah menjadi kurang efektif karena tidak menyasar tepat pada kelompok berpendapatan rendah yang paling rentan. Oleh karena itu regulasi untuk mewajibkan fortifikasi seluruh minyak goreng sawit melalui kewajiban pengemasan minyak goreng sawit dan mengikuti ketentuan SNI sangat diperlukan.

Status Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Penyakit Tidak Menular pada Dewasa Achadi, Endang Laksmining; Kusharisupeni, Kusharisupeni; Atmarita, Atmarita; Untoro, Rachmi
Kesmas Vol. 7, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Secara global, dunia dihadapkan pada masalah penyakit tidak menular yang semakin meningkat. Perkembangan terkini menunjukkan bahwa kekurangan gizi pada masa janin dan usia 2 tahun pertama kehidupan berpengaruh sangat penting terhadap risiko terjadi berbagai penyakit tidak menular yang kronis pada usia dewasa. Prevalensi berbagai penyakit tidak menular di Indonesia tergolong tinggi, antara lain hampir sepertiga penduduk dewasa menderita penyakit tekanan darah tinggi. Oleh sebab itu, pada masa yang akan datang, Indonesia dihadapkan pada beban yang berat akibat biaya penatalaksanaan yang tinggi dan produktivitas penduduk yang rendah akibat penyakit tersebut. Prevalensi penyakit tidak menular yang tinggi pada penduduk miskin di Indonesia mengindikasikan pengaruh gaya hidup yang tidak sehat dan kekurangan gizi pada usia kehidupan dini sejak masa di dalam kandungan. Oleh sebab itu, upaya mengatasi masalah tersebut yang hanya dilakukan melalui perbaikan pola hidup tidak akan efektif. Direkomendasikan untuk melakukan upaya yang lebih fokus kepada akar utama permasalahan dalam memberikan lingkungan gizi yang optimal kepada janin melalui perbaikan status gizi ibu hamil dan kepada bayi usia 0 – 2 tahun. Globally, the concern on high prevalence of chronic diseases on adults is increasing. Current mounting evidence confirmed that nutritional deficiency in early life, i.e. during fetal stage and the first two years of age, contribute significantly to the increasing risk of having chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD) later in life. The high prevalence of a number of NCDs in Indonesia is high, warrant a special attention. For example, almost one third of Indonesian adults having high blood pressure. Hence, Indonesia in the future is facing a considerable financial burden as the result of a high expenditure needed for the treatment and rehabilitation of the diseases, and low productivity related to the disease. The high prevalence of NCDs among poor population in Indonesia indicated that these diseases are not merely the result of unhealthy lifestyle, instead they very likely are the results of undernutrition in early life, which was started since fetal stage. Therefore, an attempt to address these problems through improvement of lifestyle alone will not be effective. Effort directed specifically to the root of the problems, i.e. providing an optimal nutrition environment to the fetus through improvement of maternal nutritional status, and infant 0 – 2 years of age, is recommended.

Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Its Potential Health Implications in Indonesia Sartika, Ratu Ayu D; Atmarita, Atmarita; Duki, M. I Zulkarnain; Bardosono, Saptawati; Wibowo, Lindawati; Lukito, Widjaja
Kesmas Vol. 17, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The broad availability of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the Indonesian market is increasing consumption. It, combined with escalating incidence and prevalence of diabetes and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and the ongoing debate on policies, has called for a comprehensive review as described in this study. Data was compiled from various sources but mainly gathered from the reported or published documents because of no direct access to the necessary data set. The lack of studies that assessed the direct relationship between SSB consumption and health outcomes in the Indonesian context also became a strong reason for the preparation of this review to highlight important points for further research, academic reviews, and debates on empiric policies to control sugar consumption at the population level. Sociocultural factors were an apparent and crucial determinant of the sweetness preferences of mainstream Indonesians. They were not capitalized in the available documents and should be embraced in future health promotional measures. Given the high contribution of carbohydrates and sugar to total energy intake in the Indonesian diet, it is pertinent to control the increasing trend of SSBs consumption through interventions on both the supply and demand sides.

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