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All Journal Yustisia Arena Hukum LAW REVIEW Mimbar Hukum
Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Geothermal Exploitation in a World Heritage Site: a Case Study of Gunung Leuser National Park Marsudi Triatmodjo; Agustina Merdekawati; Sandy Nurvianto; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; I Gusti Putu Agung
Yustisia Vol 10, No 1: April 2021
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v10i1.47797

Abstract

Act Number 21of 2014 on Geothermal Energy is considered a solution to the slow development of geothermal energy utilization for power plants by opening the way for exploitation in conservation forest areas. However, in practice, such exploitation is still constrained because it often clashes with the conservation interest. This study aims to review: (1) the role of Act No. 21/2014 as a legal justification to conduct geothermal power plant exploitation in Gunung Kembar and Gunung Waihlup within the core zone of Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), and (2) the potential impact of such exploitation on the international recognition of Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (TRHS) as a world heritage. This research is normative legal research, using secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials, and employs a qualitative method to analyze the data. The results showed that Act Number 21 of 2014 could not justify geothermal exploitation activity within the core zone of GLNP. The study also concluded that the geothermal power plant activity is projected to have the potential to compromise TRHS recognition as a world heritage site.
ARTI PENTING COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND DALAM REZIM PENGATURAN AREA DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA [The Importance of the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle in the Regulation of the Area Regime and Its Development] Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; Vivin Purnamawati; Nahda Anisa Rahma
Law Review Volume XXI, No. 3 - March 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pelita Harapan | Lippo Village, Tangerang 15811 - Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19166/lr.v0i3.4198

Abstract

UNCLOS 1982 adopted the Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) principle for the newly established Area regime. The Area regime governs the utilization of the minerals in the deep seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The CHM principle requires the utilization of the Area to be carried out for the benefit of all mankind. There is no universally agreed-upon definition and scope of the CHM principle, even within the law of the sea sector. The utilization activities in the Area will soon expand to the use of genetic resources, which poses the question on whether the CHM principle should also apply. This research attempted to find the core philosophy of the CHM principle, independent from the UNCLOS 1982 provisions, to better understand its scope and meaning, and how it may impact our understanding of the Area regime. This study is normative legal research and utilized secondary data. The study concluded that the CHM principle has its roots from the res communis, adopted in response to the inability of the latter to ensure fair access to natural resources. The principle has its own independent character outside of UNCLOS 1982 and may be applied to govern the utilization of genetic resources outside states’ jurisdiction under a dedicated international legal instrument. Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: Kehadiran UNCLOS 1982 membawa pembaharuan dalam hukum laut internasional dengan mengadopsi prinsip Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) dalam rezim pengaturan baru untuk Area. Rezim pengaturan Area berlaku terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya mineral pada dasar laut dan lapisan tanah di bawahnya yang berada di luar batas-batas wilayah yurisdiksi negara. Prinsip CHM mengatur bahwa aktivitas pemanfaatan harus membawa kemanfaatan bagi seluruh umat manusia. Masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai definsi dan lingkup prinsip CHM bahkan dalam konteks hukum laut. Perkembangan pemanfaatan Area mencakup sumber daya genetik menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai sejauh mana sumber daya dapat disebut suatu CHM. Penelitian ini mengkaji filosofi dari prinsip CHM di luar konteks UNCLOS 1982 untuk memperdalam pemahaman atas prinsip tersebut dan dampaknya terhadap pemahaman pengaturan Area. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip CHM berakar dari konsep res communis yang didorong oleh keinginan untuk menciptakan keadilan akses terhadap sumber daya alam. Sebagai konsep yang independen dari UNCLOS 1982, prinsip CHM dapat diterapkan terhadap sumber daya genetik di luar yurisdiksi negara di bawah instrumen hukum internasional tersendiri.
THE RECENT CHALLENGED DEVELOPMENT TO IMPLEMENT UNCLOS 1982'S COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan
Mimbar Hukum Vol 34 No 1 (2022): Mimbar Hukum
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (361.318 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/mh.v34i1.4000

Abstract

Abstract The Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) principle was adopted in UNCLOS 1982 to prevent monopoly of the Area utilization by developed countries. Applying the principle has been challenging and would only get even more challenging during the economic globalization era. There have been rapid changes within the structure of the international community, posing challenges to the implementation of the CHM principle in the area. This paper aims to elaborate on these challenges in the economic globalization era. The research identified that the economic globalization era posed some new and enhanced challenges in applying the principle in the area, questioning its relevance. These challenges are the shifting interests of some developing countries and the increased pressure to obtain more mineral resources to accelerate the conversion to green technologies. The research concluded that the international community is faced with two choices, either to maintain the application of the CHM principle without taking further compromising steps to maximize the goal of achieving the welfare of humanity or re-adjusting the operationalization of the CHM principle in UNCLOS 1982 to adapt to changes in the international community in the era of economic globalization. Abstrak Prinsip Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) diadopsi dalam UNCLOS 1982 untuk mencegah monopoli pemanfaatan Kawasan Dasar Laut Internasional (Kawasan) oleh negara-negara maju. Penerapan prinsip CHM merupakan sebuah tantangan dan akan menjadi lebih menantang dalam era globalisasi ekonomi. Terdapat perubahan dalam struktur masyarakat internasional, yang akan menimbulkan tantangan bagi penerapan prinsip CHM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan tantangan- tantangan tersebut di era globalisasi ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa era globalisasi ekonomi memunculkan beberapa tantangan yamg baru dan lebih menantang dalam penerapan prinsip CHM di Kawasan, mempertanyakan relevansinya. Tantangan tersebut adalah pergeseran kepentingan beberapa negara berkembang dan meningkatnya tekanan untuk memperoleh lebih banyak sumber daya mineral guna mempercepat konversi ke teknologi ramah lingkungan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa komunitas internasional menghadapi dua pilihan, yakni antara tetap mempertahankan penerapan prinsip CHM tanpa mengambil kompromi lebih lanjut untuk memaksimalkan potensi manfaat bagi seluruh umat manusia, atau menyesuaikan penerapan prinsip CHM dalam UNCLOS 1982 sebagai respons terhadap perubahan yang terjadi di komunitas internasional dalam era globalisasi ekonomi.
Conservation Outside Forests in Indonesia : An Option to Untangle Authority Dualism in the Essential Ecosystem Area Agustina Merdekawati; Marsudi Triatmodjo; Sandy Nurvianto; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; Vivin Purnamawati; I Gusti Putu Agung
Yustisia Vol 11, No 1: April 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.54789

Abstract

As a country rich in biodiversity, Indonesia has realised the importance of conducting conservation efforts beyond the designated conservation areas, where most of the biodiversity elements are located. In fact, the country has adopted the concept of Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEAs) into various statutory instruments. However, the implementation of EEA policies has faced various obstacles stemming from the dualism of authority between the central and regional governments in establishing and managing EEA. Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government delegates the implementation to the provincial governments. At the same time, Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011 mandates that the exercise of EEA protection be integrated with conservation efforts conducted by the central government. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the legal implications of the dualism of authority in EEA implementation and provide recommendations for a regulatory scheme. The problem may be mitigated by considering the factors relevant to the regulatory implementation aspects. The results revealed that the existence of dualism of authority has had implications in several aspects, including the authority in establishing, managing and financing EEAs, which have prevented authorities from achieving the objectives of establishing EEAs. Thus, this study also recommends the integrated and modified implementation of EEA policies in several ways
COMPATIBILITY OF INDONESIA'S REGULATIONS ON SUBMARINE CABLE WITH UNCLOS 1982 Agustina Merdekawati; Swissitya Ajari; Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan; I Gusti Putu Agung
Arena Hukum Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Arena Hukum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.5

Abstract

AbstractThe special status of Exclusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (EEZ) raises a problem particularly related to the submarine cable laying activities. This study aims to analyze the compatibility of the marine location permit instrument under Law No. 32/2014 on Marine Affairs and Government Regulation No. 32/2019 on National Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) with UNCLOS 1982 in regulating submarine cable in the EEZ. This normative research shows that the marine location permit instrument regulating submarine cable laying activity in EEZ is incompatible with the provisions of UNCLOS 1982. In contrast, the MSP instrument is compatible and a suitable instrument to protect Indonesia's interests in the EEZ. The Government of Indonesia is advised to regulate an exemption clause for submarine cable installation in EEZ in the Draft of Government Regulation on Marine Location Permit; formulate and formalize ‘prior notification’ procedures by other countries in submarine cable laying activities in EEZ into laws and regulations; and publish the Government Regulation on Marine Spatial Planning and its annexes through the channels of relevant international organizations such as International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).AbstrakKekhususan Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (ZEE) menimbulkan permasalahan terkait bentuk instrumen hukum yang dapat diterapkan oleh Indonesia untuk mengatur aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian instrumen izin lokasi laut dalam Undang-Undang 32/2014 tentang Kelautan; dan Peraturan Pemerintah 32/2019 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Laut (PP RTRL) terhadap UNCLOS 1982 dalam mengatur aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE. Hasil penelitian normative ini menunjukkan bahwa instrumen izin lokasi laut tidak berkesesuaian dengan ketentuan UNCLOS. Sementara, instrumen rencana tata ruang laut berkesesuaian dengan ketentuan UNCLOS sehingga menjadi instrumen yang tepat untuk melindungi kepentingan Indonesia. Tim peneliti merekomendasikan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia untuk mengatur klausul pengecualian terhadap pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE dalam Rancangan PP Izin Lokasi Laut; memformulasikan dan merumuskan prosedur ‘prior notification’ oleh negara lain dalam aktivitas pemasangan kabel bawah laut di ZEE ke dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dan memublikasikan eksistensi PP RTRL beserta lampiran-lampirannya melalui kanal organisasi-organisasi internasional terkait seperti International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) dan Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
Co-Authors Agustina Merdekawati Agustina Merdekawati Agustina Merdekawati Agustina Merdekawati Bintari Dyah Ramadhani dan Marsudi Triatmodjo I Gusti Putu Agung Nahda Anisa Rahma Sandy Nurvianto Sandy Nurvianto Swissitya Ajari Vivin Purnamawati