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Pengaruh Stomata dan Klorofil pada Ketahanan Beberapa Varietas Jagung terhadap Penyakit Bulai Christine Agustamia; Ani Widiastuti; Christanti Sumardiyono
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.17703

Resistant varieties are more advisable for controlling maize downy mildew compared with fungicides which is not effective and not environmentally friendly. This study is aimed to determine resistance of some varieties of maize against downy mildew. The maize varieties used were BS 0114, BS 0214, BS 0314, PAC 105, Sweet Corn and BISI 2. The parameters measured were disease incidence and intensity, chlorophyll content of leaves, stomatal density and plants dry weight. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that PAC 105, BS 0214 and BS 0314 were resistant varieties, while BS 0114, Sweet Corn and BISI 2 were susceptible. PAC 105 variety has the lowest stomatal density (65.353/mm2), and Sweet Corn variety has the highest stomatal density (110.79/mm2). Stomatal density was positively correlated with the disease intensity. Higher disease intensity has lower chlorophyll content compared with the lower intensity. PAC 105 variety has the highest chlorophyll content and plant dry weight, while Sweet Corn variety has the lowest chlorophyll content and plant dry weight. INTISARI Penggunaan varietas tahan bulai lebih dianjurkan digunakan dalam pengendalian penyakit bulai pada jagung dibandingkan dengan penggunaan fungisida karena tidak efektif dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketahanan beberapa varietas jagung terhadap penyakit bulai. Varietas yang digunakan meliputi BS 0114, BS 0214, BS 0314, PAC 105, jagung manis, dan BISI 2. Parameter yang diamati adalah insidensi dan intensitas penyakit, kandungan klorofil setelah inokulasi, kerapatan stomata dan berat kering tanaman. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan analisis varians (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa varietas PAC 105, BS 0214 dan BS 0314 merupakan varietas tahan, sedangkan varietas BS 0114, jagung manis dan BISI 2 merupakan varietas yang rentan. Varietas tahan PAC 105 memiliki kerapatan stomata paling rendah yaitu 65,353/mm2, dan kerapatan stomata paling tinggi dimiliki oleh varietas rentan yaitu jagung manis dengan kerapatan 110,79/mm2. Kerapatan stomata berkorelasi positif dengan intensitas penyakit dengan koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0,72526. Semakin rendah intensitas penyakit bulai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering yang semakin tinggi. Varietas PAC 105 yang mempunyai intensitas penyakit paling rendah , mempunyai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering tertinggi, sedangkan varietas jagung manis mempunyai kandungan klorofil dan berat kering terendah.

Responses of Capsicum annuum Varieties toward Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita Infection Resty Islamiati Putri; Siwi Indarti; Ani Widiastuti
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 24, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.23978

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the major vegetable commodities in Indonesia. One of the challenges in chili pepper cultivation is the infection of Meloidogyne incognita which causes gall formation in root systems. The purposes of this research were to determine 1. the response of four varieties of chili pepper against M. incognita infections; 2. damaged intensity caused by this pest in the root system, and; 3. development of M. incognita populations in root systems (rhizosphere). This research was conducted in Plant Pest Science Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gadjah Mada. This research included cultivation of three chili pepper varieties (Cabai Merah Besar, Pilar F1; Cabai Merah Keriting, Kastilo F1; and Paprika, Red Star 2060), rearing of M. incognita, inoculation, and observation. Chili pepper respond to M. incognita infections were evaluated based on agronomic aspects of the plants, such as root histopathology observation, disease intensity, and nematode populations. Results showed that each variety of chili pepper expressed various responses to infections. All varieties had different root weight and length, but had similar sensitivity based on the appearance of root damage and egg mass scoring of M. incognita. Although nematode population could develop on roots, observation from root tissues showed lignification after infection of J2 M. incognita. Chili pepper var. Red Star 2060 was more susceptible against M. incognita than chili pepper var. Pilar F1 and chili pepper var. Kastilo F1.

Evaluation of Some Specific Primer Sets Development for Detecting Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropic Race 4 (Foc TR4) Originating from Indonesia Yudha Pratama; Arif Wibowo; Ani Widiastuti; Siti Subandiyah; Sri Widinugraheni; Martijn Rep
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 22, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.25037

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4 (Foc TR4) strain which belong to Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) 01213 is the most devastating disease in global banana production. Validation of specific primer sets using the positive control (Foc TR4). In total, 50 isolates of Foc are collected from several banana production regions in Indonesia represent the group of VCG, races, genotype, cultivars, which are confirmed as Foc based on the tested using FocEf3 primer set, except Cjr-2 and Lmp-4 isolates. Foc-1/Foc-2 could amplify 34 Foc isolates included in Foc race 4. Three specific primer sets i.e. TR4-F/TR4-R, Six-1c, and TR4-F2/TR4-R1 are used to classify Foc isolates into Foc tropic race 4. TR4-F/TR4-R is known have the highest specificity as it could amplify 35 Foc isolates including positive controls (Foc TR4) compared to the other primer sets (Six-1c and TR4-F2/TR4-R1). This research indicates that there are a large number of diversity strains found in Foc isolates to be studied for further research. Race 4 of Foc (STR4 or TR4) is known to be widespread in several regions in Indonesia. Therefore, specific primer set development needs to be done to detect Foc TR4 and the most damaging strains on Foc TR4 based on molecular data.IntisariFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense ras 4 tropika (Foc TR4) yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok VCG 01213 merupakan patogen yang paling merusak dalam produksi tanaman pisang secara global. Validasi primer spesifik berbasis PCR menggunakan kontrol positif (Foc TR4). Total, 50 isolat Foc dikoleksi dari beberapa daerah produksi pisang di Indonesia mewakili VCG, ras, genotipe dan kultivar yang dikonfirmasi sebagai isolat Foc berdasarkan pengujian menggunakan primer FocEf3, kecuali isolat Cjr-2 dan Lmp-4. Foc-1/Foc-2 dapat mengamplifikasi 34 isolat Foc yang termasuk ke dalam Foc ras 4. Selanjutnya tiga pasang primer spesifik yaitu TR4-F/TR4-R, Six-1c, dan TR4-F2/TR4-R1 digunakan untuk mengelompokkan isolat-isolat tersebut ke dalam isolat Foc ras 4 tropika. TR4-F/TR4-R diketahui memiliki spesifitas tertinggi karena dapat mengamplifikasi sebanyak 35 isolat Foc termasuk kontrol positif (Foc TR4) dibandingkan dengan primer lainnya (Six-1c dan TR4-F2/TR4-R1). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sejumlah besar keragaman strain yang terlihat pada isolat-isolat Foc tersebut untuk dapat dipelajari lebih lanjut. Ras 4 dari Foc (STR4 atau TR4) diketahui tersebar luas pada beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengembangan primer spesifik untuk mendeteksi Foc TR4 dan strain yang paling merusak pada Foc TR4 berdasarkan data molekuler.

Respons Awal Ketahanan Jagung terhadap Peronosclerospora maydis dan Induksi Bahan Kimia Muhammad Habibullah; Ani Widiastuti; Christanti Sumardiyono
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 22, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.26877

Downy mildew is an important disease in maize cultivation in the world. Induced resistance is one of the methods used to control plant diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lignification are plant defense responses. This study aims to determine the potential of chemicals as an inducer by observing ROS responses and lignification of mycelium. The materials used are benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin and aspirin with concentration 2 g L-1 of distilled water. The ROS reaction is indicated by all treatments induced and inoculated by pathogens. Lignification of mycelium occurred in the treatment of aspirin at 6 hours observation after inoculation and saccharin treatment on observation 12 hours after inoculation. Based on the observation of ROS and lignification of the mycelium, it is suspected that the material tested has the potential to be further tested as an inducer because it has the ability to activate an early marker of plant resistance in the form of ROS reaction and lignification of mycelium. IntisariBulai merupakan penyakit penting dalam budidaya jagung di dunia. Induksi ketahanan adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman. Spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) dan lignifikasi adalah respon pertahanan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bahan kimia sebagai bahan penginduksi dengan mengamati respons ROS dan lignifikasi miselium. Bahan yang digunakan adalah asam benzoat, natrium benzoat, asam salisilat, tiamin, sakarin dan aspirin dengan konsentrasi 2 g akuades L-1. Reaksi ROS ditunjukkan oleh semua perlakuan yang diinduksi dan diinokulasi oleh patogen. Lignifikasi miselium terjadi pada perlakuan aspirin pada pengamatan 6 jam setelah inokulasi dan perlakuan sakarin pada pengamatan 12 jam setelah inokulasi. Berdasarkan pengamatan ROS dan lignifikasi miselium, diduga bahwa bahan yang diuji memiliki potensi untuk diuji lebih lanjut sebagai bahan penginduksi karena memiliki kemampuan untuk mengaktifkan penanda awal ketahanan tanaman dalam bentuk reaksi ROS dan lignifikasi miselium.

Detection and Development of Infestation Rate of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Various Rice Seed Varieties Nikmatul 'Azizah; Siwi Indarti; Ani Widiastuti; Y. Andi Trisyono
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 23, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.45558

Aphelenchoides besseyi is a seed borne nematode caused white tip disease. Infested rice seeds are beneficial inoculum source forA. besseyi widespread. The objective of this research was to determine the occurence and development of symptom level caused by A. besseyi in rice seed varieties. The research was done by detecting A. besseyi in rice seed using Hoshino and Togashi method and counting the nematode population in the seed; observing the incubation time and measuring disease incidence every week. The result revealed that A. besseyi was found in 16 of 17 varieties, i.e. R1 IR64, R2 IR64, R3 IR64, R1 Situbagendit, R2 Situbagendit, Inpari 33, R1 Memberamo, R2 Memberamo, R3 Memberamo, R1 Way Apo Buru, R2 Way Apo Buru, Mekongga, Pepe, Ketan, Sintanur, and Ciherang.A. besseyi infection increased every week in many varieties depend on quantitative (statistics) and qualitative (symptom) indicators. There were 4 varieties have to be investigate further because they were infested by A. besseyi>30 nematodes/100 seeds, i.e. R1 Way Apo Buru, R1 Situbagendit, Ketan and R3 IR 64. A practice that is also required is the elimination of A. besseyi inoculum in rice seed before cultivate.

Potency of Non-Fungicide Chemicals for Maize Inducing Resistance against Downy Mildew Muhammad Habibullah; Christanti Sumardiyono; Ani Widiastuti
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 24, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.55057

Downy mildew disease control is a big challenge in Indonesia due to ability of pathogen adaptation and favorable environmental condition to the disease. Self-resistance induction by activating plant defense mechanism is a valuable control method to be developed in the future due to its environmentally safety. This study aimed to determine potency of non-fungicide chemicals to suppress downy mildew of maize. The tested chemicals were benzoic acid, sodium benzoic acid, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin, and aspirin with a concentration of 2000 ppm. Disease incidence, disease severity, disease progress, leaf tissue lignification, plant growth, chlorophyll content, and plant dry weight were observed to find out the effect of the chemicals application in maize against downy mildew. Results showed that seed application of benzoic acid was able to reduce disease incidence and disease severity by 80%. Benzoic acid treated plants were categorized as moderately resistant until 5-week observation, while inoculated plants (positive control) were susceptible. Based on AUDPC values, plants induced by the chemicals had slower disease development rates compared to positive control. Lignification around the stomata occured in all inoculated plants treated by chemicals. Plant growth between chemical treated plants and negative control (non-inoculated plant) mainly showed no significant different, elaborated that those chemicals were applicable. Chlorophyll content in chemical treated plants was also similar to those of negative control plant. Based on these results, benzoic acid was promoted to be further investigated as maize resistance inducer against downy mildew.

First Report of Phytopythium vexans (de Barry) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque Causing Potato Tuber Rot in Indonesia Islaminati Anna Santika; Ani Widiastuti; Arif Wibowo
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 25, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.67556

Phytopythium vexans (de Barry) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque was successfully isolated from soil of potato fields in Ngablak, Magelang. This research aimed to obtain the knowledge of P. vexans potency as a pathogen in potatoes, and also morphologically and molecularly identify P. vexans compared to the Oomycetes, Phytophthora and Pythium. Morphological identification was conducted by observing macroscopic colony pattern that grew on PDA medium for five days and microscopic observation on its hyphae, sporangia, papillate, and chlamydospore. Molecular identification was conducted using multigene analysis, ITS and LSU. The in vitro pathogenicity test was obtained by inoculating P. vexans inoculum to healthy potato leaves and tubers. Results of morphological observation showed that P. vexans had a stellate pattern, aseptate hyphae, ovoid shaped sporangium and completed with semipapillate. Chlamydospores were also found and often used for survival. This research revealed that the morphology characters of P. vexans were combination between the characteristics of Pythium and Phytophthora. Whereas, based on the molecular analysis using ITS and LSU, Phytopythium spp. was more closely related to Phytophthora spp. rather than Pythium spp. The pathogenicity test of P. vexans showed that it could infect the flesh of potato tubers by showing a brown lesions symptom

Description and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Chili Anthracnose in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Rosa Chryse Sutomo; Siti Subandiyah; Arif Wibowo; Ani Widiastuti
AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 44, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Agriculture University of Brawijaya in collaboration with PERAGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17503/agrivita.v44i2.3705

Chili anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a significant disease of chili cultivation in Indonesia. The current taxonomic status of Colletotrichum spp. has been rearranged due to a well-developed molecular study. Several species of Colletotrichum were re-identified after being analyzed by a polyphasic approach. The polyphasic method in this research combines morpho-cultural and molecular identification using ITS-rDNA and GADPH region. The pathogenicity test would be more reliable in identifying the species complexes of Colletotrichum that are difficult to differentiate. This study applies a polyphasic approach to identify Colletotrichum species causing chili anthracnose, especially in fruits collected from chili fields in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and observe its pathogenicity in wounded and unwounded inoculation. The results of those combination methods showed that isolates collected from chili fields in Yogyakarta were C. scovillei. The pathogenicity test revealed that the fungus caused anthracnose disease in wounded and unwounded OR Twist 42 chili fruits. The unwounded infection was confirmed by amplification of the ChEC3 pathogenicity gene 24 h after inoculation, showing that appressoria production may possess an essential role in the unwounded inoculation. This study revealed that C. scovillei does not always need a wound for its pathogenicity

Induced Resistance Mechanism of Twisted Disease Suppression of Shallot by Bacillus spp. Elfrida Indriani Reno Wulan; Arif Wibowo; Tri Joko; Ani Widiastuti
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 26, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.73198

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria has been known for its ability to induce plant resistance on shallot against twisted disease. Its ability as a bioprotectant agent is estimated to be comparable to the efficacy of Trichoderma which is currently widely used as a biological control agent.. This study aims to determine the content of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, peroxidase, and disease suppression in shallot by application of Bacillus velezensis B-27, Bacillus cereus RC76, and application with combination of both rhizobacteria. The application was carried out with tuber dipping for 30 minutes in each treatment with a bacterial density of 108 CFU mL-1. Application using Trichoderma was used as the comparison treatment, and the control plot was not given any treatment. Pathogen inoculation was carried out simultaneously as planting using Fusarium acutatum with a spore density of 106 CFU mL-1. The jasmonic and salicylic acids content was measured using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method, and the peroxidase content was determined using the spectrophotometric method. Disease suppression was measured at 10-day intervals. The results showed that treatment with Bacillus cereus RC76 increased jasmonic and salicylic acid levels, while application with Bacillus velezensis B-27 showed the highest level of peroxidase. Treatments with Bacillus spp. were able to suppress twisted disease by 72.2% to 100%. This study demonstrated that application Bacillus spp. suppressed twisted disease on shallot and increased the jasmonic and salicylic acid content as induced resistance mechanism against pathogens.

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