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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies (Indones. J. Chem. Stud.)
Anggaria Maharani
Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111
Chemistry

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Temperature-influenced Bulk Emulsion (BE) Demulsification Method as a PIBSA-MEA Emulsifier Durability Test in Blasting Environments under 100 °C Gunaryo; Budiman, Anggito; Widyawati, Ratihlia Dhea; Salsabila, Fidela Aurellia; Gibran, Syahdan Al; Maharani, Anggaria
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): Indones. J. Chem. Stud., June 2024
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v3i1.44

Abstract

This research attempts to provide a better method, examine more effective temperatures for testing emulsifiers, and determine the demulsification limit that indicates emulsifier durability. This experiment was conducted by varying the temperature (40, 60, 80, and 100 °C) for heating the product with a test time of 1, 2, 4, and 6 h, then detected using formaldehyde titration to determine the highest level of demulsification of ammonium nitrate (AN) salt at each temperature in the product. The results showed that 100 °C was the most effective and representative temperature for testing the durability of the emulsifier with the highest level of demulsification from the other temperatures. This was indicated by the weight of AN salt that came out of the emulsion reaching 2.05 g from 20 g of emulsion or about 10.25% of the total weight of the product within 6 h. Emulsifiers with AN levels below 2.05 g (10.25%) were considered to pass the test and could be used for further production or analysis. This new test method was expected that bulk emulsion manufacturers would be faster in eliminating PIBSA-base (Polyisobutylene succinic anhydride-base) emulsifier products widely used by emulsifier manufacturers in manufacturing BE. This was due to it only focusing on the ability of emulsifiers to hold the product in high-temperature exposure so that it remained unified and not demulsified.
Yellow-Flare Performance Improvement of PVC Addition into Mg-Sodium Nitrate-Based Pyrotechics Gunaryo, Gunaryo; Maharani, Anggaria; Budiman, Anggito; Widyatama, Satria Aqilla; Pratita, Elda; Miwazuki, Shella Athaya
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Indones. J. Chem. Stud., December 2024
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v3i2.60

Abstract

Light pyrotechnics is one strategic defence equipment for civil and military purposes. Additives act as one of the factors that affect the flame in pyrotechnics. Additives were used to slow down the combustion rate so that the flare could burn for a long time without drastically reducing the flame performance of the flare. This study focused on the performance of pyrotechnic flames with variations of PVC as a density-increasing material because it was in the form of a polymer and had high-chlorine content, resulting in a mixture that is difficult to burn. The experiment results exhibited that pyrotechnics without PVC showed intensity with an emission spectrum of 577-585 nm, light intensity of 723-1184 lux, and burning rate of 3.22-3.31 g/s. Increasing the PVC additive composition to 1.5 gr showed emissions with a wavelength of 596-597 nm, decreased intensity from 91-183 lux, and a slower burning rate of 0.72-0.88 g/s. The use of PVC was effectively applied in the 1.76-10.21% fraction and was actively able to slow down the rate of combustion of pyrotechnic mixtures. Hence, PVC could slow down the burning rate and increase density. Adding PVC in yellow pyrotechnics would slow down the burning rate of the pyrotechnic sample with the side effect of reducing the brightness of the yellow color and the intensity of the light.
Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Magnesium-Teflon-Viton (MTV) and Aluminum-Teflon-Viton (ATV) Flares Widyatama, Satria Aqila; Pratita, Elda; Gunaryo, Gunaryo; Wiratama, Minandre; Maharani, Anggaria
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Indones. J. Chem. Stud. December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ijcs.v4i2.95

Abstract

The development of effective pyrotechnic flare compositions is critical for advancing indigenous defense capabilities. This study presents a comparative analysis of two formulations, Magnesium-Teflon-Viton (MTV) and Aluminum-Teflon-Viton (ATV) to evaluate their suitability for application in decoy systems within Indonesia’s defense sector. Key performance factors, including luminosity, combustion temperature, burn rate, and spectral color distribution, were assessed through controlled laboratory experiments. The MTV composition demonstrated superior luminous intensity, reaching up to 3572.5 lux, alongside broader spectral color output, indicating enhanced visibility and potential effectiveness in visual signaling applications. Conversely, the ATV composition exhibited higher average burn rates, peaking at 5.55 g/s, which suggests greater combustion efficiency and faster energy release, advantageous for time-sensitive deployments. Both systems maintained comparable combustion temperatures, with variations attributed to compositional differences in fuel-metal interactions and binder behavior. This study emphasizes the trade-offs between brightness and combustion kinetics inherent in flare formulations and provides valuable insights for optimizing material selection according to mission-specific applications. The results obtained in this study are expected to contribute to the creation of independence in defense material development by utilizing locally available resources and promoting domestic innovation in pyrotechnic technology.
Co-Authors Budiman, Anggito Gibran, Syahdan Al Gunaryo Gunaryo, Gunaryo Miwazuki, Shella Athaya Pratita, Elda Salsabila, Fidela Aurellia Widyatama, Satria Aqila Widyatama, Satria Aqilla Widyawati, Ratihlia Dhea Wiratama, Minandre