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All Journal Majalah Kedokteran Bandung Althea Medical Journal
Yanti Mulyana
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
Medicine & Pharmacology

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Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Fungi from Air Conditioners in Tutorial Rooms of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran Govindasamy, Gowre; Husin, Usep Abdullah; Syukriani, Yoni Fuadah; Sudigdoadi, Sunarjati; Mulyana, Yanti
Althea Medical Journa Vol 1, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journa

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Background: Awareness about health problems caused by air conditioner is very important. Thus, it is crucial to have knowledge about proper maintenance of air conditioner. At the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, air conditioners are used in every tutorial rooms. This study was performed to provide adequate information on the fungi, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor, found in air conditioners.Methods: A descriptive laboratory study was used to identify the presence and the type of pathogenic fungi from air conditioners in tutorial rooms. Thirty-four samples were collected from the air outlet grille of the air conditioners and cultured on Sabouraud agar at 27°C for 2 weeks. Fungi presence were then identified microscopicallyResults: The results showed that the majority of air conditioners in tutorial rooms of the Faculty of Medicine, University Padjadjaran contained many types of fungus that grew in Sabouraud agar. From 34 samples, thirty two samples were positive and 2 samples were negative. Various fungus have been identified, those were Penicillium (37.5%), Aspergillus (25%), Mucor (2.5%) and unidentified (35%)Conclusions : The majority of air conditioners in tutorial rooms of the Faculty of Medicine, University Padjadjaran contained many types of opportunistic fungus. [AMJ.2014;1(1):21–4]Keywords : Air conditioner, Aspergillus, fungi, Mucor, Penicillium Isolasi dan Identifikasi Jamur Patogen dari Pendingin Udara di Kamar Tutorial dari Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas PadjadjaranLatar Belakang: Kesadaran tentang masalah kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh pendingin udara sangat penting. Dengan demikian , sangat penting untuk memiliki pengetahuan tentang perawatan yang tepat dari pendingin udara. Di Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran, pendingin udara digunakan di setiap kamar tutorial . Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memberikan informasi yang memadai tentang jamur, seperti Aspergillus, Penicillium dan Mucor, yang ditemukan di pendingin udara. Metode: Sebuah studi laboratorium deskriptif digunakan untuk mengevaluasi keberadaan dan jenis jamur patogen dari pendingin udara di kamar tutorial. Tiga puluh empat sampel dikumpulkan dari kisi-kisi pendingin udara dan dikultur pada Sabouraud agar pada 27 °C selama 2 minggu. Pertumbuhan jamur kemudian diidentifikasi secara mikroskopis.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada sebagian besar pendingin udara di ruang tutorial Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajdjaran terdapat banyak jamur yang dapat tumbuh di Sabaroaud agar, 32 hasil positif dan 2 hasil negatif untuk pertumbuhan jamur . Jamur yang tumbuh adalah Penicillium (37,5%, Aspergillus (25%), Mucor (2,5%) dan tidak teridentifikasi (35%).Simpulan : Sebagian besar pendingin udara di ruang tutorial Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor menunjukkan adanya pertumbuhan jamur oportunistikKata kunci : Aspergillus, jamur , Mucor , Penicillium, pendingin udara
Pattern of Bacteria and Its Susceptibility of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Patients in ICU at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung Jundi, Achmad Faisal; KSS, Nurita Dian; Mulyana, Yanti
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Background: Incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common in intensive care unit (ICU). This pneumonia, becomes important due to its association to increased length of hospital stay, increased costs, and increased mortality. Irrational administration of antibiotics can lead to development of bacterial resistance. The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of bacteria and the susceptibility of VAP patients.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out to 10 medical records of VAP patients in the ICU at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung in January–June 2014. Microbiological culture results and antibiotics susceptibility testing of patients’ sputum were identified and the collected data were analyzed in form of tables and percentages by using a computer program.Results: Out of 44 cultures taken from 10 patients with VAP, 43 cultures had microbiological findings. Gram negative bacteria were found in 90.6% cultures, the rests were Gram positive bacteria and fungi. The majority of findings were: Acinetobacter baumannii (41.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.6%), andKlebsiella pneumoniae (16.9%). The laboratory test result showed varied degrees of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics.Conclusions: Bacteria found in sputum cultures of ICU patient with VAP are mostly of Gram negative. The result of susceptibility testing of bacteria shows many of the bacteria have resistance to antibiotics in ICU at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital. [AMJ.2016;3(2):195–9]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n2.772
Antibacterial Effect of Pulsatilla chinensis towards Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi Fong, Sim Chee; Mulyana, Yanti; Girawan, Dolvy
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Background: Pulsatilla (P.) chinensis is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has antibacterial effect. It is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and other diseases. The P. chinensis is composed of some potent antibacterial substances including protoanemonin, saponin, oleanolic acid. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of P. chinensis towards staphlococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi.Methods: This was an experimental descriptive study that was conducted in 2014 using two methods, diffusion and dilution method. In diffusion method, 5 holes were made on the agar that bacteria were growing and different concentrations of P. chinensis infusion were placed in different hole. The inhibitory effect was measured by the inhibition zone. In dilution method, 8 test tubes with decreasing concentration of P. chinensis infusion were mixed with the bacteria suspension and Mueller Hinton Solution. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured by the last clear test tube. The test tube with solution that showed absence of bacteria on culture indicated the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC).Results: In diffusion method, P. chinensis infusion showed inhibitory effect towards S. aureus and bacteriostatic effect towards S. dysenteriae and S. typhi. In dilution method, there was no antibacterial activity detected.Conclusions: P. chinensis infusion has inhibitory effect on S. aureus and bacteriostatic effect on S. dysenteriae and S. typhi. [AMJ.2016;3(2):292–5]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n2.467
Roles of Microwave Oven in Preparing Microbiological Growth Media Prijana, Christian; Mulyana, Yanti; Hidayat, Basuki
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Background: Sterilization of a growth medium before being utilized is a very important step in a microbiology laboratory. The common method for this purpose is by using the autoclave. However, autoclaving takes more time. To overcome this limitation, we tried to use the microwave oven. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of microwave oven in preparing the growth media.Methods: This was a laboratory experimental study conducted at Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, from October to November 2014. The growth media used were: MacConkey agar, in petri dishes, inoculated with Escherichia coli; Sabouraud agar, in petri dishes, inoculated with Candida albicans; Kligler iron agar (KIA), in reaction tubes, inoculated with Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi; Simmons citrate agar, in reaction tubes, inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mueller-Hinton (M-H) broth, in reaction tubes, inoculated with Escherichia coli; and Motility Indole Urea (MIU) semisolid agar, in reaction tubes, inoculated with Proteus sp.The media would be heated by microwave for 1, 2, and 3 minutes. Results: From the total 54 dishes/tubes of various microwave-sterilized media, contaminations were only seen at 5 dishes/tubes. Most of the media, except the one-minute-heated Mueller-Hinton broth, were sterilized more than half dishes/tubes. The identification function of all media in this study was performed well. Conclusions: The utilization of microwave oven as an alternative sterilizing apparatus for microbiological growth media is very potential, particularly for two and three minutes duration of heating. [AMJ.2016;3(1):1–5]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n1.469
Oropharyngeal Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae among Medical Students in Indonesia Valencia, Stella; Mulyana, Yanti; Dhianawaty, Diah
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae may colonize the upper respiratory tract without causing any symptoms. Medical students may be inhabited by these bacteria and transmit them to patients who were prone to infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to antibiotics was recently reported. This study was conducted to determine whether there was Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization among Medical Students of the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Batch 2011 and analyze its susceptibility patterns towards several antibiotics.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted involving 75 Medical Students of the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran Batch 2011 that met the selection criteria. After informed consent, oropharyngeal throat swab was taken and further identification was carried out. Once Streptococcus pneumoniae colony was identified, susceptibility testing would be performed.Results: The identification results indicate that 7 students (9%) were colonized by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The susceptibility test showed that out of 7 isolates, 2 were resistant to 1 antibiotic, 1 was resistant to 2 antibiotics, and 4 were resistant to 3 antibiotics. Meanwhile, Streptococcus pneumoniae was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (71%), oxacillin (71%), erythromycin (57%), and levofloxacin (14%).Conclusions: Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization is found among medical students. All Streptococcus pneumoniae are resistant to one or more antibiotics, mostly to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and oxacillin. [AMJ.2016;3(3):349–54] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n3.878 
UJI COBA PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH AIR KELAPA TUA SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR MEDIA ISOLASI Yolanda, Hanna; Mulyana, Yanti
Majalah Kedokteran Bandung Vol 43, No 3
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Media pembenihan isolasi yang umumnya digunakan adalah media sintetik yang diimpor dan harganya mahal. Banyak bahan organik yang secara alamiah mengalami pemecahan senyawa organik kompleks menjadi senyawa sederhana oleh mikrob. Berdasarkan pemikiran inilah, peneliti mencoba membuat media isolasi dengan bahan dasar limbah air kelapa tua, sehingga dapat menjadi pertimbangan sebagai media yang lebih ekonomis. Metode penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratorik dengan mengisolasi bakteri uji menggunakan media berbahan dasar air kelapa tua. Media air kelapa tua dikomposisikan menyerupai komposisi agar MacConkey dan lempeng agar darah (LAD). Media standar yang digunakan adalah agar MacConkey dan LAD. Media kontrol yang digunakan adalah media agar 15 g/L dan media agar air kelapa tua. Bakteri yang diuji adalah beberapa spesies Enterobacteriaceae dan kokus gram positif. Variabel yang dinilai adalah gambaran makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Analisis data menggunakan teknik Wilcoxon matched pairs test dan sign test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan tidak bermakna (p>0,05) antara media standar dan media air kelapa tua. Gambaran spesifik dari bakteri uji seperti koloni berwarna merah, gambaran mukoid, dan zona hemolitik tampak serupa antara media standar dan media air kelapa tua. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah air kelapa tua dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar media isolasi Enterobacteriaceae dan kokus gram positif. [MKB. 2011;43(3):117?21].Kata kunci: Agar MacConkey, air kelapa tua, isolasi, lempeng agar darah, media  Using Ripe Coconut Waste-Water as Base for Isolation Media SubstanceThe culture media commonly used for isolation are imported and expensive. Many organic materials are naturally decomposed from complex organic compounds to simple ones by microbes. Based on this principles, this study wants to make isolation media with ripe coconut waste-water as based substance, so it can be considered as economical culture media. The method was laboratoric experimental by isolating tested bacteria with ripe coconut waste-water as based substance. The composition of the media were adjusted with MacConkey agar and blood agar base. Standard media were MacConkey agar and blood agar base. Control media were agar 15 g/L media and ripe coconut waste-water agar media. Tested bacteria were a number species of Enterobacteriaceae and positive gram cocci. The evaluated variables were macroscopic and microscopic images. Data was analized by Wilcoxon matched pairs test and sign test methods. This study did not find a significant differences (p>0.05) between standard media and ripe coconut waste-water media. Specific characteristics of tested bacteria, such as red colonies, mucoid, and hemolitic zone, were similar between standard media and ripe coconut waste-water media. The conclusion is ripe coconut waste-water can be used as base for isolation media substance of Enterobacteriaceae and gram positive cocci. [MKB. 2011;43(3):117?21].Key words: Blood agar base, MacConkey agar, isolation, media, ripe coconut waste-water DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v43n3.56
Co-Authors Basuki Hidayat Christian Prijana, Christian Diah Dhianawaty Dolvy Girawan Fong, Sim Chee Gowre Govindasamy Hanna Yolanda Jundi, Achmad Faisal KSS, Nurita Dian Sunarjati Sudigdoadi Usep Abdullah Husin Valencia, Stella Yoni Fuadah Syukriani