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FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BANKO COAL LIQUEFACTION Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 2 No. 2 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v2i2.1524

Abstract

Tulisan ini menyajikan hasil kajian financial dan dampak ekonomi makropembangunan pabrik komersial pencairan batubara Banko di Tanjung Enim,Sumatera Selatan dengan kapasitas total 12,000 t/d dry-ash free coal (daf).Kajian financial meliputi evaluasi proyek total (total investasi) IRR, NPV PaybackPeriod dan profitabilitas proyek dilihat dari kemampuan untuk pengembalianhutang dan dividen.. Manfaat ekonomi makro pabrik dikaji berdasarkan potensiekonomi ditinjau dari penghematan devisa, total pajak korporat, penggunaansumber daya alam, kesempatan kerja, iklim investasi, dan kontribusi terhadappengembangan masyarakat. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kontibusi devisatotal gross dari proyek selama tahun 2011-2035 dan penghematan devisanyaadalah sebesar USD24,883 juta and USD 20,830 juta. Selain itu disimpulkanbahwa minyak dari hasil pencairan batubara mampu menghemat pemakaiandevisa yang seharusnya digunakan impor minyak. Besar substitusi pasar olehminyak batubara mencapai 84juta barel atau setara dengan USD3.696juta.Keywords: batubara Banko, pencairan, biaya proyek, total investasi, profitablitas
IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAT REAKTIFITAS KATALIS DASAR BESI JENIS LIMONIT DAN PIRIT PADA PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA Muhammad Hanif; Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 2 No. 1 (2006)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v2i1.1526

Abstract

The effect of a highly dispersed limonite synthetic catalyst and natural pyritecatalyst on the liquefaction of Yallourn coal in relation to thetransformation into pyrrhotite (Fe1-x S) was examined and compared. Thestudy suggests that γ-FeOOH catalyst can be transformed into smallerpyrrhotite at lower temperatures around 250oC, and therefore promotes theactivation of gaseous hydrogen notably at the heating stage up to 450oC.Keeping H2S concentration at approximately 0.1vol% in the gas phase wasfound to be an effective way of maintaining the liquefaction activity of therecycle catalyst, due to the restraint of both troilite formation and theagglomeration of pyrrhotite. The study also demonstrates that a high oilyield over 60wt% daf can be obtained successfully in the coal liquefaction ofYallourn coal with the reduction of catalyst γ-Fe00H loading.Kata Kunci : pyrrhotite, troilite, coal liquefaction, pyrite
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON COAL LIQUEFACTION PROJECT IN KALIMANTAN Hartiniati Hartiniati; Muhammad Hanif; Masaki Tamura; Shunichi Yanai; Takuo Shigehisa
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 4 No. 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v4i2.1531

Abstract

Tulisan ini secara ringkas nejelaskan studi kelayakan pabrik pencairan batubaraperingkat rendah yang berlokasi di dekat pantai Kalimantan Selatan (coastalCase) sebagai alternatif lokasi dari studi kelayakan yang sebelumnya dilaksanaanuntuk lokasi pedalaman di Banko, Sumatera Selatan (inland case). Tujuan utamastudi ini, pertama untuk menginvestigasi efek lokasi pabrik terhadap keekonomianproyek, dan kedua untuk mengidentifikasi poetnsi kelayakan proyek pencairanbatubara pabrik pabrik komersial pionir di Indonesia. Didandingkan dengan aksuspedalaman, lokasi dekat pantai mempunyai keunggulan dari segi penghematanbiaya konstruksi dan biaya transportasi sampai dengan 10%. Analisis finansialdengan metode DCF telah memberikan hasil yang menjanjikan bahwa pabrikpionir kapasitas 12.000 ton per hari sudah dapat memproduksi bahan bakarminyak bersih dari batubara bersih tahun 2011, pada tingkat harga US$ 23.3/bbl(FOB, Berau Lati) and US$ 26.1/bbl (FOB, Mulia Satui) dengan harga aktual(COE=1.0). Pabrik pinoir dengan kapasitas kecil (3.000 tob per hari) masih dinilailayak dengan insentif berupa harga batubar alebih rendah, bunga pinjaman llunakdan lainnya.Keywords: banko coal, mulia satui, berau lati, metode DCF, pencairan batubara
UPGRADING KATALITIK DISTILAT MINYAK BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DENGAN KATALIS NiMo SULFIDA Sri Djangkung Sumbogo Murti; Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 4 No. 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v4i2.1532

Abstract

Catalytic hydrotreatment of South Banko coal liquid (SBCL) middle distillate (b.p.300 – 420 oC) was performed over NiMo sulfides catalysts. The hydrotreatmentwas conducted in an autoclave of 50 ml capacity under the conditions of 340 –420 oC, 60 and 120 min and initial hydrogen pressure of 5 – 10 MPa. Thehydrotreatment reduced the contents of all heteroatom species (S, N and O).Sulfur species were easiest to be removed, while nitrogen species were mostrefractory. Reactivities of some representative heteroatom species weremeasured to find the refractory species in coal liquid by GC-AED. Carbonsupported catalyst was compared to alumina supported one confirming its higheractivity for hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation.Kata kunci: coal liquid, middle distillate, Katalis NiMo, hydrotreatment,heteroatom, GC-AED, hidrodesulfurisasi, hidrodeoksigenasi,hidrodenitrogenasi
PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI PADA KONVERSI KATALITIK RESIDU MINYAK BUMI Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 4 No. 2 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v4i2.1533

Abstract

A hydroconversion catalytic process of Indonesian petroleum residue from Plaju(UP IV) refinery plant was investigated. A series of liquefaction tests using a 1liter stirred batch autoclave reactor under reference condition e.i.: initial hydrogenpressure of 12 MPa and 2.0 of atomic ratio of sulfur to iron were conducted. Theinfluence of the temperature of 430,450,470oC and the reaction time of 30,60,90minute was used and compare the yield structure of each run. It was found thatthe oil yield and gases CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon yield increased significantly bythe increasing of the temperature reaction and holding time. While, the liquidbottom yield had a tendency to decrease which reversely to the oil yield. It alsoappeared that hydrogen consumption would tend to increase with increasing oilyield, leading to the more efficiently use of gaseous hydrogen. As a result, thehydroconversion catalytic process could be applied to upgrade petroleum residuewhich indicated by increasing oil yield in mild condition.Kata Kunci: hidrokonversi katalitik, residu minyak bumi
EVALUASI REAKTIFITAS KATALIS NiMo DALAM PROSES PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN AUSTRALIAN LOY YANG Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 4 No. 1 (2008)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v4i1.1541

Abstract

Indonesia South Banko (BS) and Australian Loy Yang (LY) were liquefied usingtwo hydrogenation catalysts, Ni/Mo and Co/Mo at mild condition (400oC, 6MPa(H2 cold)). The study shows that the use of Ni/Mo in hydrogenation for both BSand LY coals gives a higher total conversion, asphaltene and OGW (oil-gaswater)yields than that of Co/Mo. The use of Ni/Mo for LY coal hydrogenationgives higher total coanversion and asphaltene yield than SB coal. This suggeststhat SB has more condensed structure than LY coal. However, the amount of oilyield is similar for both coals. Furthermore, the use of Co/Mo for both coals alsogives almost equal result in total conversion, asphaltene and OGW yields.Addition of sulphur (as CS2) enhances the total conversion and OGW yield forboth catalysts Ni/Mo and Co/Mo. Sulphur addition on Ni/Mo treated coal did notimprove the asphaltene yield, but converted it into lower molecular weight.Adding sulphur could also improve total conversion for Co/Mo treated coal similarto Ni/Mo/CS2 treated coal. Increasing reaction time also improves the totalconversion, asphaltene and OGW yield. The reactivitiy of BS and LY in this studyis also dependent on their behaviour or characteristic, such the environment ofoxygen content in the macro structure of the coal.Kata kunci: south banko coal, australian loy yang coal, ni/mo catalyst, co/mocatalyst, asphaltene, coal liquefaction
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON LIQUEFACTION OF KALIMANTAN BROWN COALS Hartiniati Hartiniati; Lambok Hlarius Silalahi
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1543

Abstract

Efek karakateristik batubara terhadap yield produk pencairan batubaradiinvetigasi menggunakan sampel batubara dari Berau (Lati dan Kelai), Mulia,Wara dan Kideco. Batubara Banko dari Tanjung Enim, Sumatera Selatan,digunakan sebagai batubara rujukan. Pengujian pencairandilaksanakanmenggunakan gas-flow type autoclave (5L) dengan umpanbatubara 2002 (daf), pelarut batubara turunan (b.p.300-420oC) 400g, katalis Fe1.0-3.0 wt% (daf), elemen sulfur (rasio atom S/Fe 2.,0) pada tekanan 14.7MPa,suhu 450oC selama 60menit. Sampel limonit dari Soroako Indonesia dan YandiYellow dari Australia, yang terutama terdiri dari α-FeOOH, digunakan sebagaibahan katalis pada pengujian pencairan batubara. Studi ini merekomendasikanbertambahnya minyak yield akibat peningkatan kandungan oksigen dalambatubara, rasio atom H/C dan kandungan besi dalam batubara, mengingat besidalam batubara dapat berfungsi sebagai katalis dalam pencairan batubara.Limonit Soroako medium grade (MGL) menunjukkan aktifitas lebih tinggidibandingkan Yandi Yellow (YY) karena sifat transformasinya membentuk kristalkristalpyrrhotite (Fe1-XS), fase aktif dalam pencairan batubara. Sejumlahsenyawa nitrogen dan sulfur dalam minyak batubara telah berhasil dihilangkanmelalui proses hydrotreatment selanjutnya memperbaiki mutu produk.Keywords: pencairan, batubara berau, limonit, pyrrhotite, soroako,hydrotreatment
ANALISIS KONSUMSI HIDROGEN PADA PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO TENGAH DAN RESIDU KILANG MINYAK BALIKPAPAN Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1546

Abstract

A series of liquefaction test to understand the effect of initial hydrogen pressureon the yield structure of Banko coal liquefaction under the presence of catalystand short residue solvent was studied. Three sets of initial pressure at 5, 9 and12MPa were tested under liquefaction condition. The test was carried out in CoalLiquefaction Laboratory-BPPT, using 1 liter autoclave at temperature of 450oC forone hour. The results showed that by increasing the initial H2 pressure from5MPa to 9 and 12MPa would improve the distillate yield for about 8-9wt%dafc.This was due to the availability of hydrogen gas provided at 5MPa was smallerthan 9MPa and 12MPa, so that the molecular hydrogen transformed into protonhydrogen and involved in stabilizing decomposed coal structure and shortresidue became larger. It was found that the changes of H2O, CO+CO2 and ofC1~C4 yields were independent to the variable of initial hydrogen pressure. Theseresults possibly confirm that H2O and CO+CO2 yield depend on the raw coalquality input. It was also found that at higher initial pressure (>9MPa), thehydrogen consumption was become less. This may confirm that hydrogen donoravailability of short residue at higher pressure plays a good role in the reaction sothat less amount of hydrogen from the gas is required for the liquefactionreaction.Kata kunci: hydrogen-donor, catalyst, liquefaction yield
KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK PRODUK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA MUDA DARI LATI, KALIMANTAN TIMUR Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i2.1547

Abstract

Liquefied coal contains of higher aromatic compound, nitrogen, oxygen andsmaller amount of sulfur compared to petroleum fuel oil. These componentscauses gum/sludge formation which disturbs product stability duringtransportation and storage. High aromatic content lowers the cetane number ofliquefied coal oil. The study suggests that the catalytic hydrotreating of liquefiedcoal oil produced from Lati coal liquefaction can reduce the amount of S, O, andN heteroatom significantly. Gas oil fraction derived from Lati coal has a cetaneindex = 38.6, while the octane number of naphtha is expected to be higher than95 through catalytic reforming. In general, it can be concluded that synthetic fueloil derived from Lati coal has the qualification as transportation fuel oil throughthe application of Improved BCL Process.Kata Kunci: limonite catalyst, coal liquefaction, catalytic hydrotreating, liquefiedcoal oil, gas oil fraction, cetane index, octaen number
KOMPARASI KARAKTERISTIK PENCAIRAN BATUBARA BANKO SELATAN DAN YALLOURN AKIBAT PERUBAHAN TEMPERATUR Yuli Artanto; Hartiniati Hartiniati
Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29122/elk.v3i1.1552

Abstract

A coal liqueafaction test was carried out to investigate the reactivity of anIndonesian brown coal, called South Banko, and an Australian brown coal, calledYallourn. The liquefaction reaction was conducted to ascertain the effect ofreaction temperature on the reactivity of both brown coals and it represents onthe oil, CLB, CO+CO2 and C1~C4 yields. The result shows that South Banko coalis more reactive than Yallourn coal. South Banko coal gives a higher oil yieldthan that of Yallourn. Oil derived from South Banko coal increases as reactiontemperature rises. In contrast, oil derived from Yallourn decreased as reactiontemperature increased. This result indicated that South Banko has more labilestructure than that of Yallourn and it can easily break down the structure of SouthBanko coal. In term of hydrocarbon gas, Yallourn produces higher yield than thatof South Banko. This suggests that Yallourn coal has alkyl groups in its structure.It was also found that CO+CO2 yields are similar to both brown coals. SouthBanko has less CLB yield than that of Yallourn but the CLB yield of South Bankocoal is higher than that of Yallourn while temperature is increased to 470oC. Inshort, the study shows that South Banko coal is more reactive than that ofYallourn coal and it is very potential for the coal liquefaction feedstock.Kata kunci: batubara muda, Banko Selatan, Yallourn, distillate yield, CLB,CO+CO2,C1-C4, feedstock
Co-Authors Agustina Eliyanti Lambok Hlarius Silalahi Masaki Tamura Muhammad Hanif Shunichi Yanai Sri Djangkung Sumbogo Murti Takuo Shigehisa Yuli Artanto