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All Journal IJOG : Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Geoscience Journal JLBG (Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi) (Journal of Environment and Geological Hazards) Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral (Journal of Geology and Mineral Resources)

Sofyan Primulyana

Pusat Vulkanologi Dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Jln. Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung

Author-ID : 347610

Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Energy Environmental Science

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Karakteristik kimiawi air danau kawah Gunung Api Kelud, Jawa Timur pasca letusan tahun 1990 Kadarsetia, Eka; Primulyana, Sofyan; Sitinjak, Pretina; Saing, Ugan Boyson
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 1, No 4 (2006)
Publisher : Geological Agency

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no4.20062Kelud is a strato type volcano characterized by phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions. Since last eruption in 1990, the volcano has showed no-more signifi cant volcanism. Currently, there is an opened westward crater lake as a remained eruption crater containing meteoric water and volcanic gases condensate generated from subsurface.Analysis result of lake water exhibits that its chemical composition was fl uctuated due to an infl uence of factors such as seasons, rates of volcanism activity and reactivity of internal chemical elements within the lake water.The volume of lake water increases during the wet season and experiences dilution to make declination of chemical components within the water. Temperature of the lake water increases as well as volcanic intensity, simultaneously to make addition of dissolved chemical compounds and elements such as SO , Cl, B, and F and creates acidic water. Fumarole/solfatara released anykind of gases, such as H O, CO , CO, HCl, SO , H S, HF, H , HBr, NH , CH , H BO , and N . Moreover interaction of andesitic rock and acidic water apparently produces ionic source of Na, K, Ca. Mg, Fe, Al including trace elements such as Zn, Li, Sr, As, Rb, Cr, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cu, Ce, and Be.The composition of crater lake water of the Kelud volcano is included into an immature water category with HCO . The fl uctuation of element, compound and gas contents within the lake water with their depletion trend during the period of 1990 â 2005 may be related to decreasing of volcanism activity in the duration of 1990 post-eruption.Â

Peningkatan kegiatan Gunung Api Tangkubanparahu Jawa Barat pada bulan April 2005 Dana, Isya Nurrahmat; Kadarsetia, Eka; Primulyana, Sofyan; Hendrasto, Muhammad; Nasution, Asnawir
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 1, No 4 (2006)
Publisher : Geological Agency

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no4.20063Tangkubanparahu is an active strato volcano located in West Java lying about 30 km to the north of Bandung City. Its crest is 2084 m above the sea level. In order to gain a better understanding on volcanism and magmatism of this volcano, various research and monitoring have been carried out, such as geochemistry and geophysics. Chemical composition of volcanic gases collected from the Ratu Crater (950 C in 1994, 1997, 1998 ratio of CO /H S, CO /H , and H /Ar, is suggested to indicate the presence of a fast fl uid movement and 2005, shows that the gas is hydrous with the main component of H O, CO , H S and small amount SO ; where CO content is higher than (SO + H S). The gas composition showing high of value from the depth before condensed at the shallow surface water area. Hotspring from the Domas Crater contains a high concentration of SO , low of Cl and absence of H CO . The high sulphate content is suggested to be originated from the volcanic gases, especially hydrogen sulphide oxydated near the surface, that then the gas infl uenced chemical composition due to shallow water.Continuous seismic monitoring uses one permanent station, while the other methods like Electric Distance Measurement (EDM), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Seismometer have been installed temporary. From geophysical evidence on April 2005 activity, some valuable information can be obtained. Hypocenter is located at the depth less than 2 km beneath an area between the Ratu and Domas Craters, while pressure source of deformation is below Domas Crater. Some low frequency volcanoquakes is possibly caused by volcanic gases released from the reservoir.

Gejala awal letusan Gunung Lokon Februari 2011 - Maret 2012 Kristianto Kristianto; Hendra Gunawan; Nia Haerani; Iyan Mulyana; Ahmad Basuki; Sofyan Primulyana; Farid Uskanda Bina
Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi Vol 3, No 3 (2012)
Publisher : Badan Geologi

ABSTRAKGunung Lokon memiliki karakter erupsi yang diawali oleh letusan freatik yang berlangsung beberapa bulan dan biasanya berakhir dengan letusan magmatik yang berlangsung singkat. Aktivitas tahun 2011 diawali oleh letusan freatik pada 22 Februari 2011 dan berulang pada 26 Juni 2011. Pada Juli 2011 kejadianletusan semakin intensif. Sampai dengan Maret 2012 letusan terjadi setiap bulan. Gejala awal setiap periode letusan diamati secara visual serta instrumental dengan menggunakan metoda kegempaan, geokimia, dan deformasi. Pengamatan kegempaan menunjukkan bahwa setiap kejadian letusan selalu diawali oleh peningkatan jumlah gempa vulkanik dangkal dan gempa hembusan serta membesarnya amplituda tremor. Fenomena tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan tekanan fl uida sebelum letusan. Peningkatan tekanan fl uida terjadi akibat proses pelepasan gas yang diikuti proses pembentukan sumbat lava yang menyebabkan kelebihan tekanan dalam konduit, ditandai dengan peningkatan gempa vulkanik dangkal. Erupsi eksplosif terjadi jika tekanan menurun secara tiba-tiba akibat rekahan pada sumbat lava. Hasil pengamatan kegempaan berkorelasi dengan hasil pengukuran deformasi yang menunjukkan adanya pemendekan dan hasil pengukuran nilai fl ux SO2 yang turun menjelang letusan.Kata kunci: letusan, freatik, gempa vulkanik dangkal, gempa hembusanABSTRACTThe characteristics of Lokon eruption is preceded by phreatic eruptions that lasted within several months and usually ends with a short magmatic eruption. The activity in 2011 was preceded by phreatic eruption on 22 February and repeated on 26 June. In July 2011, the eruptions occurred more intensively. As of March 2012 the eruption occured every month. The precursor of each eruption period was observed visually and instrumentally using seismicity, geochemistry and deformation methods. Seismicity observation showed that every eruption event was preceded by the increase in number of shallow volcanic and gasemission earthquakes and enlargement of tremor amplitude. These phenomena indicated that an increase in fluid pressure occurred prior to eruptions. The increase in fl uid pressure occurred due to gas release process followed by lava plug formation that causes over pressure of the magma in the conduit, whichwas characterized by the increase in shallow volcanic earthquakes. Explosive eruption occurs when the pressure decreases suddenly due to lava plug cracking. The results of seismicity observation correlate

Letusan Gunung Kelud pada 690 ± 110 tahun yang lalu merupakan letusan yang sangat dahsyat dan sangat berdampak pada Kerajaan Majapahit Akhmad Zaennudin; Sofyan Primulyana; Darwin Siregar
Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi Vol 4, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Badan Geologi

ABSTRAKGunung Kelud adalah gunung api tipe A berada di Kabupaten Kediri, Blitar, dan Malang, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Karakter letusannya didominasi oleh letusan-letusan eksplosif cukup kuat sampai sangat kuat, baik yang terjadi pada pra sejarah maupun dalam masa sejarah manusia menghasilkan endapan-endapan freatik, freatomagmatik, aliran piroklastika, dan jatuhan piroklastika di sekitarnya. Salah satu letusan yang terbilang besar yang terjadi pada 690 ± 110 tahun yang lalu menghasilkan material yang cukup tebal, tersebar luas, danberdampak besar. Dampak yang nyata melanda Kerajaan Majapahit. Pusat pemerintahan kerajaan ini terletak di Trowulan, Kabupaten Mojokerto, Jawa Timur, sekitar 40 km timur laut Gunung Kelud. Tanah yang semulasubur makmur berubah seketika menjadi kering dan tandus, sarana dan prasarana yang ada porak poranda tertimbun oleh material. Lahar sebagai bahaya sekunder pasca letusan telah merusak dan mengukur bangunandan fasilitas lainnya yang ada saat itu. Pusat Kerajaan Majapahit yang ada di sekitar gunung api ini terkena dampaknya secara langsung. Masyarakat yang bermata pencaharian sebagai petani tidak dapat mempergunakanlahannya lagi untuk bertani karena kekeringan yang melanda. Begitu juga semua fasilitas yang ada telah hancur dan tertimbun oleh endapan jatuhan piroklastika dan lahar, sehingga dapat melumpuhkan semua sendi-sendikehidupan masyarakat dan pemerintahan kerajaan sebelum masuknya pengaruh Islam yang datang kemudian.Kata kunci: Gunung Kelud, Endapan Piroklastika, Kerajaan Majapahit, letusan eksplosifABSTRACTKelud volcano is an A type volcano which is located in Kediri, Blitar, and Malang Districts, East Java Province. The characteristic of these eruptions are dominated by moderate to strong explosive to produce phreatic, phreatomagmatic, pyroclastic flow, fall, and lahar deposits which are widely deposited around the volcano either in pre historic or historic times.The eruption of 690 ± 110 years ago produced thick materials which widely distributedto the surrounding area with a big impact to its environment, include the Majapahit Kingdom. The capital city of Majapahit Kingdom located in Trowulan, Mojokerto District, East Java Province is only 40 km to the north east ofKelud volcano. The fertile of used to land become waste and dry, and also all facilities were damaged and buried by these deposits of this eruption. Even lahar is as secondary hazard after the eruption broke and buried buildings and other facilities at that time. The capital city of Majapahit Kingdom which was present in around Kelud volcano was directly affected. Farmers could not work to grow their plants due to dryness. Also these facilities were damaged and buried by pyroclastic fall and lahar deposits that affected their life and government become weak before intervention of Islamic religion.Keywords: Mt. Kelud, Pyroclastic deposits, Majapahit Kingdom, explosive eruption.

Characterizing SO2 Emission Rate, Thermal Anomalies, from Opened and Closed Vent System at Agung, Bromo, and Sinabung Volcanoes in Indonesia Hilma Alfianti; Asep Saepuloh; Mamay Surmayadi; Syegi L. Kunrat; Ugan B. Saing; I.G.B. Eddy Sucipta; Sofyan Primulyana
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.10.2.277-295

Agung, Bromo, and Sinabung Volcanoes have high volcanic activity over the last decade, and have different eruption characteristics. Hence, it would be fascinating to study the characteristics of their volcanic activity patterns based on SO2 emission rates and thermal anomaly correlated with the seismicity data. The SO2 emission rate measurement was carried out using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), and calculated based on SO 2 column density, distance of measurement, wind speed, and wind direction. In addition, SO2 emission was detected using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) images with daily global coverage. Thermal anomaly detection was performed using Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) of Thermal Infrared (TIR) subsystem with high spatial resolution (90x90 m). ASTER TIR images were corrected for radiometric and thermal atmospheric. The emissivity and brightness temperature separation algorithm was applied to obtain surface temperature of Agung, Bromo, and Sinabung Volcanoes. All the data were correlated with the seismicity of each volcano. The SO2 emission rates correlate with the magma ascent to the shallow depth in an open system volcano (Bromo Volcano). In the closed-system volcanoes (early phase of Agung and Sinabung), SO2 emission was detected after the transition of closed to open system. Magmatic injection from the reservoir to the shallow depth was detected as thermal anomalies, such as in Agung Volcano. Whereas in Bromo Volcano, the thermal anomaly was insignificant since Bromo Volcano has an explosive eruption at a short period, so the ASTER image could not observe the thermal anomaly on the eruption time. Thermal anomaly pattern in Sinabung Volcano was the manifestation of new magmatic injection to the shallow depth. Therefore, their increase serves as indicators for the increasing magmatic activity prior to the eruptions. Keywords: SO2 emission rate, thermal anomaly, DOAS, OMI, ASTER, Open Vent, Closed Vent

Erupsi Semeru 1 Desember 2020: Kronologi Kejadian Aliran Piroklastik, Kondisi Pre-Eruptif, dan Laju Ekstrusi Material Volkanik Banggur, Wilfridus F S; Nareswari, Ratika Benita; Saina, Nazirah; Astyka Pamumpuni; Mirzam Abdurrachman; Estu Kriswati; Liswanto; Mukdas Sofian; Yadi Yuliandi; Kristianto; Sofyan Primulyana; Idham Andri Kurniawan
Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol. 25 No. 3 (2024): JURNAL GEOLOGI DAN SUMBERDAYA MINERAL
Publisher : Pusat Survei Geologi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v25i3.796

Semeru merupakan gunungapi paling aktif di Jawa dengan tipe erupsi strombolian-vulkanian yang disertai pertumbuhan kubah lava. Erupsi eksplosif Semeru dapat menghasilkan guguran lava pijar dan runtuhan kubah lava yang disertai aliran piroklastik dengan jarak luncur mencapai 5-12 km ke arah selatan (Besuk Kembar dan Besuk Bang) atau tenggara (Besuk Kobokan) dari pusat erupsi. Pada 1 Desember 2020, terjadi aliran piroklastik dengan jarak luncur 11.5 km, yang merupakan jarak luncur terjauh sejak erupsi 2002. Rekonstruksi terhadap kronologi kejadian dan sebaran endapan aliran piroklastik 1 Desember 2020 secara detil dilakukan menggunakan data CCTV, press release, citra satelit, foto drone, portal berita, dan kanal media sosial. Kondisi pre-eruptif jangka pendek dikaji menggunakan citra satelit SAR Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 dari MIROVA, dan frekuensi kegempaan. Algoritma MODVOLC digunakan untuk mengkaji laju ekstrusi produk material volkanik sebagai gambaran kondisi pre-eruptif jangka panjang. Rekonstruksi kejadian aliran piroklastik menunjukkan bahwa erupsi dimulai dengan guguran lava yang diikuti awan panas dengan beberapa perulangan dan kekuatan yang meningkat. Kondisi pre-eruptif sepanjang tahun 2020 menunjukkan perubahan morfologi bukaan kawah pusat, posisi titik runtuh guguran lava, serta posisi akumulasi material guguran di sekitar puncak yang menyebabkan arah luncuran aliran piroklastik lebih mengarah ke Besuk Kobokan. Sementara itu, peningkatan akumulasi volume dan laju ekstrusi material volkanik mengindikasikan kemungkinan peningkatan jarak luncuran ke depannya.

KARAKTERISASI GEOKIMIA MAJOR ELEMENT & TRACE ELEMENT ABU VULKANIK GUNUNG API GAMALAMA DAN GUNUNG API SINABUNG Johanes Hutabarat, Sofyan Primulyana, Fadilla Anjasmara, Agus Didit Haryanto,
Geoscience Journal Vol 7, No 5 (2023): Padjadjaran Geoscience Journal
Publisher : Unpad

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pgj.v7i5.53324

Indonesia yang terletak pada pertemuan tiga lempeng dunia menciptakan dinamika geologi yang unik dan salah satunya adalah aktivitas vulkanik. Seperti dua Gunungapi Tipe A yang aktif yakni Gunungapi Gamalama di Ternate, dan Gunungapi Sinabung di Sumatera Utara. Erupsi gunung api adalah fenomena keluarnya magma dari dalam bumi. Erupsi dapat dibedakan menjadi erupsi letusan dan erupsi efusif. Jenis erupsi yang terjadi ditentukan oleh banyak hal seperti kekentalan magma, kandungan gas di dalam magma, dan kedalaman dapur magma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan komposisi kimia abu vulkanik dari hasil erupsi kedua gunungapi tersebut, serta mengetahui hubungan abu vulkanik terhadap magma. Identifikasi ini diharapkan dapat menambah data geokimia abu vulkanik gunung api. Abu vulkanik dianalisis dengan metode analisis X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Unsur utama dan unsur jejak komposisi abu vulkanik dapat diketahui dengan uji analisis XRF yang dari itu dapat menentukan komposisi kimia dari magma gunungapi tersebut karena kandungan unsur utama dan unsur jejak dapat digunakan untuk analisis batuan. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa batuan pada Gunung api Sinabung berupa Andesit berafinitas kalk-alkali tinggi dan batuan Gunung api Gamalama berupa Basaltic andesit dengan afinitas kalk-alkali sedang, kedua produk erupsi gunung api ini berasal dari magma lempeng benua atau continent yang bersifat asam, yang merupakan hasil dari subduksi antar lempeng benua dan lempeng samudera.Keywords : Abu,Gunungapi, Major element, Trace element, X Ray Fluorescence

Explosive Signature of The April 30th, 2024 Ruang Volcano Eruption in The Sangihe Arc, Indonesia, Inferred from Erupted Material Characteristics: A Preliminary Assessment Purnamasari, Heruningtyas Desi; Saepuloh, Asep; Primulyana, Sofyan; Adriansyah, David; Prayoga, Ardy Setya; Agustiningtyas, Lestari; Wijaya, P. Hadi; Gunawan, Hendra
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 12 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.12.3.11-17

The 2024 eruptions of Ruang Volcano in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, represent one of the most explosive and impactful volcanic events in the region's recent history. The eruption sequence, which commenced on April 16th and peaked with significant explosive episodes on April 17th and 30th, resulted in the evacuation of over 9,000 residents and demonstrated the volcano’s capacity for high-energy eruptive activity. This preliminary analysis of the April 30, 2024, Ruang Volcano eruption emphasises the importance of ejected materials—such as high-vesicular juvenile fragments, crystal-rich components, and megacrysts of amphibole (hornblende)—in revealing the eruption’s explosive signature. Geochemical analysis of juvenile materials indicates a basaltic andesite composition, with SiO₂ contents ranging from 53.02% to 54.27%. Petrographic examination and SEM observations reveal high vesicularity, ruptured bubble walls, and microlite-rich groundmass textures, indicative of rapid ascent and intense degassing, which facilitated efficient magma fragmentation. These features suggest that the magma underwent rapid decompression. Understanding these properties provides important clues about the mechanisms underlying the explosiveness of the Ruang eruption.

Co-Authors Abdurrachman, Mirzam Adriansyah, David Agustiningtyas, Lestari Ahmad Basuki Akhmad Zaennudin Asep Saepuloh Asnawir Nasution Astyka Pamumpuni Banggur, Wilfridus F S DARWIN SIREGAR Eka Kadarsetia Estu Kriswati Farid Uskanda Bina HENDRA GUNAWAN B11211055 Hilma Alfianti I.G.B. Eddy Sucipta Idham Andri Kurniawan Isya Nurrahmat Dana Iyan Mulyana Kristianto Kristianto Kristianto liswanto Mamay Surmayadi Muhammad Hendrasto Mukdas Sofian Nareswari, Ratika Benita Nia Haerani Prayoga, Ardy Setya Pretina Sitinjak Purnamasari, Heruningtyas Desi Saepuloh, Asep Saina, Nazirah Siswahyudianto Syegi L. Kunrat Ugan B. Saing Ugan Boyson Saing Wijaya, P. Hadi Yadi Yuliandi

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