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I Dewa Ketut Sastrawidana
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Mathematics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Journal : Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering

 1 
Eco-Friendly Photocatalyst from Limestone: ZnO-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Efficient Rhodamine B Removal Sukarta, I Nyoman; Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Mahardika, I Gede; Suprihatin, Iryanti Eka; Sastrawidana, I Dewa Ketut; Wiratma, I Gusti Lanang; Darmayasa, Dewa Komang
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2025 (October 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20426

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize and characterize a limestone-based ZnO-hydroxyapatite (HA/ZnO) composite and evaluate its performance in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by reacting calcined CaO from limestone with orthophosphoric acid and subsequently combined with ZnO via a co-precipitation–hydrothermal method. The materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) to determine their crystal structure and functional groups. The HA/ZnO composite exhibited the smallest crystallite size (14.86 nm), indicating enhanced surface area and strong interfacial interaction. Photodegradation tests revealed optimal conditions at pH of 9, Rhodamine B concentration of 20 mg/L, and catalyst dosage of 1.5 g, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.81%. Toxicity assessment using a corn seed germination test showed a significant increase in germination rate from 16% (untreated) to 92% (after photocatalytic treatment). These findings suggest that the limestone-derived HA/ZnO composite is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient photocatalyst for textile dye wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Eco-Friendly Photocatalyst from Limestone: ZnO-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Efficient Rhodamine B Removal Sukarta, I Nyoman; Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Mahardika, I Gede; Suprihatin, Iryanti Eka; Sastrawidana, I Dewa Ketut; Wiratma, I Gusti Lanang; Darmayasa, Dewa Komang
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2025 (October 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20426

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize and characterize a limestone-based ZnO-hydroxyapatite (HA/ZnO) composite and evaluate its performance in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by reacting calcined CaO from limestone with orthophosphoric acid and subsequently combined with ZnO via a co-precipitation–hydrothermal method. The materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) to determine their crystal structure and functional groups. The HA/ZnO composite exhibited the smallest crystallite size (14.86 nm), indicating enhanced surface area and strong interfacial interaction. Photodegradation tests revealed optimal conditions at pH of 9, Rhodamine B concentration of 20 mg/L, and catalyst dosage of 1.5 g, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.81%. Toxicity assessment using a corn seed germination test showed a significant increase in germination rate from 16% (untreated) to 92% (after photocatalytic treatment). These findings suggest that the limestone-derived HA/ZnO composite is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient photocatalyst for textile dye wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite for Remazol Red RB Removal in Aqueous Solution Under UV and Visible Light Irradiation Sastrawidana, I Dewa Ketut; Saraswati, Luh Putu Ananda; Sukarta, I Nyoman; Wiratini, Ni Made; Sudiana, I Ketut; Suja, I Wayan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: Just Accepted Manuscript and Article In Press 2026
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20548

Abstract

Textile industry wastewater contains synthetic dyes that are resistant to natural degradation, toxic, and capable of polluting aquatic environments. One commonly used dye is Remazol Red RB (RRRB), which is stable and difficult to remove through conventional treatment methods. Therefore, an effective approach is needed to break down this pollutant. This study aimed to develop and characterize a zinc oxide/hydroxyapatite (ZnO/HA) nanocomposite as a photocatalyst for degrading RRRB dye and to evaluate its photocatalytic performance under UV and visible light irradiation. The ZnO/HA nanocomposite was prepared by mixing ZnO and HA at a 1:1 ratio, followed by the addition of a small amount of water. The mixture was milled for 24 hours to obtain nanoscale particles. The resulting material was calcined at 700 °C and characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX to determine its physicochemical properties. Photocatalytic activity tests of the ZnO/HA nanocomposite toward RRRB dye solution were conducted in a batch system under 50-watt UV and visible light irradiation. The operational variables examined included catalyst dosage, initial pH, and dye concentration. FTIR analysis showed characteristic absorption bands of ZnO and HA, indicating successful formation of the nanocomposite. XRD results revealed a crystal size of 19.67 nm, while SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of Zn, Ca, P, and O elements, consistent with the nanocomposite composition. The degradation efficiency of 300 mL of 50 mg/L of RRRB solution at pH of 5 with 2.0 g of ZnO/HA nanocomposite under 50 watts of UV and visible light in succession was 90.43% and 80.93% for 120 minutes of irradiation.  Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite for Remazol Red RB Removal in Aqueous Solution Under UV and Visible Light Irradiation Sastrawidana, I Dewa Ketut; Saraswati, Luh Putu Ananda; Sukarta, I Nyoman; Wiratini, Ni Made; Sudiana, I Ketut; Suja, I Wayan
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: Just Accepted Manuscript and Article In Press 2026
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20548

Abstract

Textile industry wastewater contains synthetic dyes that are resistant to natural degradation, toxic, and capable of polluting aquatic environments. One commonly used dye is Remazol Red RB (RRRB), which is stable and difficult to remove through conventional treatment methods. Therefore, an effective approach is needed to break down this pollutant. This study aimed to develop and characterize a zinc oxide/hydroxyapatite (ZnO/HA) nanocomposite as a photocatalyst for degrading RRRB dye and to evaluate its photocatalytic performance under UV and visible light irradiation. The ZnO/HA nanocomposite was prepared by mixing ZnO and HA at a 1:1 ratio, followed by the addition of a small amount of water. The mixture was milled for 24 hours to obtain nanoscale particles. The resulting material was calcined at 700 °C and characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX to determine its physicochemical properties. Photocatalytic activity tests of the ZnO/HA nanocomposite toward RRRB dye solution were conducted in a batch system under 50-watt UV and visible light irradiation. The operational variables examined included catalyst dosage, initial pH, and dye concentration. FTIR analysis showed characteristic absorption bands of ZnO and HA, indicating successful formation of the nanocomposite. XRD results revealed a crystal size of 19.67 nm, while SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of Zn, Ca, P, and O elements, consistent with the nanocomposite composition. The degradation efficiency of 300 mL of 50 mg/L of RRRB solution at pH of 5 with 2.0 g of ZnO/HA nanocomposite under 50 watts of UV and visible light in succession was 90.43% and 80.93% for 120 minutes of irradiation.  Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Anas Miftah Fauzi Antari, N. P. S. Ayu Sayu Mas Megananda Ayuni, Putu Sri BIBIANA W LAY Bibiana W Lay Darmayasa, Dewa Komang Dewa Ayu Kadek Dian Shintya Dewi Dewi Oktofa Rachmawati Dewi, Komang Melina Diantari, Putu Eka Sukma DWI ANDREAS SANTOSA I Dewa Gede Agus Sudarma I Dewa Gede Agus Sudarma I Gede Mahardika I Gusti Lanang Wiratma I Made Arya Putra Wibisana I Made Madiarsa I Made Suarsana I Made Suarsana I Nyoman Suardana I Nyoman Sukarta I Nyoman Sukarta I Putu Surya Wirawan I W BUDIARSA SUYASA I Wayan Muderawan I Wayan Sapta Pratama Ariguna . I Wayan Suja I. K. Sudiana Indrawasih, Ni Putu Meira Iryanti Eka Suprihatin Komang Melina Dewi Maryam, Sit Megananda, Ayu Sayu Mas N. P. S. Antari NI LUH PUTU MANIK WIDIYANTI Ni Made Wiratini Ni Made Wiratini Ni Made Wiratini, S.Pd. . Ni Putu Meira Indrawasih NI Sri Putu Ayuni Nyoman Retug Oka, Luh Putu Ayu Lakshemini Putu Eka Sukma Diantari Putu Septian Eka A.P Rachmawati, Dewi Oktova Rachmawati, Dewi Oktova Rediasa, I Nyoman S.Pd. M Kes I Ketut Sudiana . Sanusi Mulyadiharja Saraswati, Luh Putu Ananda Shintya Dewi, Dewa Ayu Kadek Dian Sit Maryam Siti Maryam SITI MARYAM Sudarma, I Dewa Gede Agus Triwiyono Triwiyono, Triwiyono Widiyanti, Ni Luh Manik