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Kristaufan Joko Pramono
Balai Besar Pulp dan Kertas

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PEMBENTUKAN LUMPUR GRANUL DALAM PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH PEMUTIHAN PULP DENGAN REAKTOR UP-FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) Yusup Setiawan; Sri Purwati; Kristaufan Joko Pramono; Rina Susilowati Soetopo
JURNAL SELULOSA Vol 41, No 02 (2006): BERITA SELULOSA
Publisher : Center for Pulp and Paper

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (460.854 KB)

Abstract

UASB reactor is not used yet by pulp and paper industries in Indonesia in treating their wastewater caused by granular sludge must be imported and needs high skill in the operation. To anticipate the more stringent of effluent standard and implementation of Adsorbale Organic halide (AOX) as a key parameter, UASB reactor has a good prospect to be used in treating of pulp and paper wastewater.In the beginning of experiment, UASB reactor was operated with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days and OLR of 0.10 – 0.23 kgCOD/m3.day for 141 days. UASB reactor was then operated with the HRT of 19 hrs and OLR of 0.80 – 3.25 kgCOD/m3.day for 287 days. Since day 288th, UASB reactor was operated in the HRT of 12 hrs and OLR of 1.92 – 5.0 kgCOD/m3.day.In this condition, micronutrient solution in the amount of 1 mL/L was added into feed wastewater of UASB reactor to accelerate the growth of granular sludge. Concentration of parameters such as COD, BOD, TSS, pH, and Adsobable Organic Halides (AOX) were analyzed. Sludge characteristic was tested and observed by Light Optical Microscope Leica DMLM and S4E and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Philips FEI Quanta 200. Settling rate of granular sludge was also measured.The result showed  that on the HRT of 12 hrs and the OLR of 1.92 – 5.0 kgCOD/m3.day with the up-flow velocity of 0,16 m/hr, treatment system by UASB reactor could reduce COD of 34.23 – 90.28% (average of 67.41%) and AOX of 59.65 – 70.12% (average of 67.93%). The addition of micronutrient solution in the amount of 1 mL/L had significant effect to the growth of microorganism and the granular sludge formation.  The formed granular sludge had black-brownies color, VSS/SS ratio of 0.72, diameter up to 2 mm, specific gravity (sg) of 1.12, and high settling rate of 54.6 m/hr. Bacterial population content of the granular sludge consist of filament bacteria (Methanotric sp.) with the diameter of 1 – 2.94 µm and coccus bacteria (Methanosarcina) with the diameter of 2 - 29 µm. This is very useful and has a role in the sludge granulation and the reduction of organic compounds. INTISARI Sampai saat ini industri pulp dan kertas di Indonesia belum ada yang menggunakan reaktor UASB dalam pengolahan air limbahnya, karena lumpur granul masih harus diimpor dan diperlukan ketrampilan tinggi dalam mengoperasikannya. Untuk mengantisipasi baku mutu buangan air limbah yang semakin ketat dan penerapan Adsorbable Organic Halide (AOX) sebagai parameter kunci, reaktor UASB mempunyai prospek yang baik untuk digunakan dalam pengolahan air limbah industri pulp dan kertas.Pada permulaan percobaan reaktor UASB dioperasikan dengan waktu tinggal 3 hari dengan beban organik sekitar 0,10 – 0,23 kgCOD/m3.hari selama 141 hari. Setelah itu reaktor UASB dioperasikan dengan waktu tinggal  19 jam  dan  beban organik antara 0,80 – 3,25 kgCOD/m3.hari sampai hari 287. Sejak hari 288, reaktor UASB dioperasikan dengan waktu tinggal 12 jam dan beban organik antara 1,92 – 5,0 kgCOD/m3.hari. Pada kondisi tersebut ke dalam umpan reaktor UASB ditambahkan larutan mikronutrisi untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan lumpur granul sebanyak 1 mL/L. Kadar  parameter COD, BOD, TSS, pH, dan Adsobable Organic Halides (AOX)  influen dan effluen dianalisa. Karakteristik lumpur diamati dan diuji menggunakan Light Optical Microscope Leica DMLM dan S4E dan Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM) Philips FEI Quanta 200. Kecepatan pengendapan lumpur granul juga diukur.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada waktu tinggal 12 jam dan beban organik antara 1,92 – 5,0 kgCOD/m3.hari  dengan up-flow velocity = 0,16 m/jam, sistem pengolahan dengan reaktor UASB dapat mereduksi COD = 34,23% – 90,28% (rata-rata = 67,41%) dan AOX = 59,65% – 70,12% (rata-rata = 67,93%). Penambahan larutan mikronutrisi sebanyak 1 mL/L mempunyai pengaruh signifikan dalam pertumbuhan mikrorganisme dan pembentukan lumpur granul. Lumpur granul yang terbentuk  berwarna hitam kecoklatan, memiliki VSS/SS = 0,72,  dengan diameter mencapai 2 mm, dengan nilai specific gravity (sg) 1,12  dan memiliki kecepatan pengendapan tinggi mencapai 54,6 m/jam. Populasi bakteri pada lumpur granul diantaranya terkomposisi dari bakteri filament (Methanotric sp.) berdiameter antara 1 – 2,94 µm dan coccus (Methanosarcina) berdiameter antara 2 - 29 µm yang sangat berperan pada granulasi lumpur dan reduksi senyawa organik.
PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI KERTAS KARTON DENGAN UP-FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) DAN LUMPUR AKTIF (WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF BOARD PAPER INDUSTRY BY UP-FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE) Kristaufan Joko Pramono
JURNAL SELULOSA Vol 45, No 01 (2010): BERITA SELULOSA
Publisher : Center for Pulp and Paper

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1201.249 KB)

Abstract

Paper mill is one of the industries that discharge huge wastewater containing high pollutant. A low-rate wastewater treatment system is not adequate anymore to treat wastewater which has high dissolved organic pollutant. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) system is one of the anaerobic processes which has high efficiency and can be run at high organic loading rate as well. As post treatment, the activated sludge could further reduce organic pollutant. The wastewater discharged from a paperboard industry was used on this research. Granular sludge was seeded into UASB reactor which was provided by a biogas measurement. The activated sludge reactor was seeded by activated sludge taken from an aeration tank of a wastewater treatment of the paperboard mill. Varied HRT of 24, 18, 12, and 10 hours were implemented with organic loading rate of 0.88 – 4.65 kg COD/m3.day. Results indicated that the UASB reactor could reduce COD up to 87%, TSS up to 85%, and BOD5 up to 95% at organic loading rate of 0.88 – 1.94 kg COD/m3.day. The wastewater threshold for the coarse paper industry COD of 175 mg/L, TSS of 80 mg/l, and BOD5 of 90 mg/l could be complied by the results of the treatments accomplished by the UASB reactor and the activated sludge process arrangement at the time retention of 18 – 24 hours.Keywords : wastewater, activated sludge, granular sludge, paperboard industry, UASBINTISARIIndustri kertas karton adalah salah satu industri yang mengeluarkan air limbah dalam jumlah besar yang mengandung bahan pencemar cukup tinggi. Sistem pengolahan air limbah yang berkategori low-rate kurang sesuai lagi untuk mengolah air limbah yang mengandung cemaran organik tinggi dan bersifat kompleks terlarut. Sistem Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) adalah salah satu proses anaerobik dengan efisiensi tinggi yang dapat beroperasi pada beban  organik tinggi. Proses aerobik sistem lumpur aktif sebagai pengolahan lanjutan dapat menurunkan kadar cemaran organik lebih lanjut. Pada percobaan digunakan air limbah yang berasal dari industri kertas karton. Lumpur granul digunakan sebagai bibit lumpur reaktor UASB yang dilengkapi dengan alat pengukur biogas. Reaktor lumpur aktif konvensional yang diberi bibit lumpur aktif dari bak aerasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) industri kertas karton digunakan sebagai pengolahan lanjutan. Waktu tinggal divariasikan secara bertahap dari 24 jam, 18 jam, 12 jam, dan 10 jam dengan laju beban organik 0,88 – 4,65 kg COD/m3 .hari. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa reaktor UASB dapat mereduksi COD dengan efisiensi tertinggi 87%, TSS 85%, dan BOD5 95% pada laju beban organik 0,88 – 1,94 kg COD/m3.hari. Pengolahan air limbah dengan kombinasi UASB dan lumpur aktif pada waktu tinggal 18 – 24 jam telah dapat memenuhi baku mutu air limbah industri kertas kasar yaitu COD = 175 mg/l, TSS = 80 mg/l, dan BOD5 = 90 mg/l.Kata kunci : air limbah, lumpur aktif, lumpur granul, industri kertas karton, UASB
BIOKONVERSI PADA PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI PULP DAN KERTAS MENGGUNAKAN MEMBRANE-LESS MICROBIAL FUEL CELL (ML-MFC) Kristaufan Joko Pramono; Krisna Adhitya Wardana; Prima Besty Asthary; Saepulloh .
JURNAL SELULOSA Vol 5, No 01 (2015): JURNAL SELULOSA
Publisher : Center for Pulp and Paper

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (643.093 KB) | DOI: 10.25269/jsel.v5i01.77

Abstract

Pulp and paper industry produces large amount of wastewater that has high pollution potentials. Nowadays, development of renewable energy resources is being researched. Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell (ML-MFC) can be an alternative for wastewater treatment and bioenergy producers of renewable electricity. This study was subjected to evaluate the performance of ML-MFC in pulp and paper wastewater treatment and to analyze the potentials production of electricity energy. ML-MFC reactors in laboratory scale used in this experiment were made of acrylic, provided with electrodes functioning as anode and cathode which have surface area of 1.4778 x 10-2 m2 and 4.926 x 10-3 m2, respectively. In this experiment, wastewater from pulp and paper mill was continuously fed into the reactor with retention time of 48 hours and organic load about 0.23 – 0.51 kg COD/m3.day. The results showed that there was potential of electricity production from pulp and paper mill’s wastewater treatment by ML-MFC. The maximum COD reduction and maximum power supply voltage that could be achieved were 38.50% and 118.8 mV, respectively. The maximum electric power obtained on the anode surface area of 1.4778 x 10-2 m2 was 8.46 mW/m2 when the electric current value was 101.50 mA/m2 and the resistance was 500 Ω.Keywords: wastewater, organic, bioconversion, electricity, membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) ABSTRAKIndustri pulp dan kertas menghasilkan air limbah dalam jumlah besar yang memiliki potensi pencemaran tinggi. Saat ini, upaya pengembangan sumber energi terbarukan terus dilakukan. Membraneless Microbial Fuel Cell (ML-MFC) adalah salah satu alternatif pengolahan air limbah dan penghasil bioenergi listrik yang dapat terbarukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja ML-MFC dalam pengolahan air limbah pulp dan kertas proses biologi dan menganalisa potensi produksi energi listrik. Reaktor ML-MFC skala laboratorium yang digunakan dalam percobaan terbuat dari akrilik dengan rangkaian elektroda yang berfungsi sebagai anoda dengan luas permukaan 1,4778 x 10-2 m2 dan katoda dengan luas permukaan 4,926 x 10-3 m2. Pada percobaan ini, air limbah industri pulp dan kertas dialirkan melalui reaktor secara kontinu dengan waktu tinggal 48 jam dan beban organik 0,23 – 0,51 kg COD/m3.hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat potensi produksi energi listrik dari proses pengolahan air limbah industri pulp dan kertas oleh ML-MFC. Reduksi maksimum nilai COD dan tegangan listrik maksimum yang dapat dicapai adalah 38,50% dan 118,8 mV. Daya listrik maksimum yang diperoleh pada luas permukaan anoda sebesar 1,4778 x 10-2 m2 adalah 8,46 mW/m2 pada saat nilai arus listrik 101,50 mA/m2 dan beban resistansi 500 Ω.Kata kunci: air limbah, organik, biokonversi, energi listrik, membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC)
PEMANFAATAN PLASTIK DARI REJEK INDUSTRI KERTAS UNTUK BAHAN BAKAR (Utilization of Plastics Reject of Paper Industry for Fuel) Yusup Setiawan; Sri Purwati; Aep Surachman; Reza Bastari I. W.; Kristaufan Joko Pramono
JURNAL SELULOSA Vol 6, No 01 (2016): JURNAL SELULOSA
Publisher : Center for Pulp and Paper

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (512.835 KB) | DOI: 10.25269/jsel.v6i01.70

Abstract

Utilization of reject plastic pellet of paper mill which is waste paper as the raw material has been carried out. Making of reject plastic pellet was consisted of wet shredded process of reject using shredded machine, separation process of plastic and fiber with filtration process, and drying process of wet shredded plastic using centrifugal drainer machine and sun-drying. Dried shredded reject plastic was then formed plastic pellet using pellet machine. Plastic pellets produced has diameter of around 10 mm and a length of about 10-15 mm. Plastic pellets were analyzed for proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon contents). In addition, it was also tested for calorific value, sulfur content, ash mineral content and the ash fusion temperature (AFT). The results indicate that the reject plastic pellets have a high calorific value (7,207-8,730 cal/g), low sulfur content (0.14 to 0.17%), low ash mineral content, and the Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT) above the operating temperature of the boiler (900oC). Reject plastic pellets in the amount of 4.25% of production capacity could potentially be used as a coal substitution for fuel boiler of paper mill with a low propensity of slagging and fouling in the boiler.Keywords: coal, paper mill, pellets, plastic, reject, fuel   ABSTRAKPenelitian pemanfaatan pelet plastik rejek industri kertas berbahan baku kertas bekas telah dilakukan. Pembuatan pelet plastik dari rejek meliputi tahapan proses pencacahan rejek secara basah menggunakan mesin pencacah, proses pemisahan cacahan plastik dan serat dengan proses penyaringan, dan proses pengeringan cacahan plastik rejek basah menggunakan mesin peniris sentrifugal dan panas sinar matahari. Cacahan plastik rejek kering selanjutnya dibentuk pelet plastik menggunakan mesin pelet. Pelet plastik yang dihasilkan berdiameter 10 mm dengan panjang sekitar 10 – 15 mm. Pelet plastik dari rejek dianalisis proksimat (kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang dan kadar karbon padat). Selain itu, pelet dianalisis juga nilai kalor, kadar sulfur, kadar mineral abu dan Ash Fusion Temperature (AFT). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pelet plastik dari rejek memiliki nilai kalor tinggi (7.207 – 8.730 kal/g), kadar sulfur rendah (0,14 – 0,17%), kadar mineral abu rendah, dan Ash Fusion Temperature(AFT) di atas suhu operasi boiler (900oC). Pelet plastik rejek sebanyak 4,25% kapasitas produksi berpotensi dapat digunakan sebagai substitusi batubara bahan bakar boiler industri kertas dengan kecenderungan terjadinya slagging dan fouling dalam boiler rendah.Kata kunci : batubara, industri kertas, pelet, plastik, rejek, bahan bakar