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The Prospects of Using Chilled Semen to Increase the Production of Dairy Cattle Situmorang, Polmer
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Dairy cattle production in Indonesia has been rapidly developed since the importation of live cattle from Australia and New Zealand in 1970. Technology of artificial insemination (AI) play an important role to increase the production of dairy cattle by using frozen semen from both importation or produced in Centre for Artificial Incemination Lembang and Singosari. Nevertheless, frozen semen is not without problems because a more than less 30% of sperm are killed during the freezing procedure and those who survive are sensitive to enviroment and has a low fertility. Therefor the using of chilled semen will be an alternative to be considered to replace frozen semen. Chilled semen can be simply produced and not required a complex laboratory and an expensive equipment. Other advantages is the production of straw per bull and fertility was higher than those frozen semen and resulting an increased of farmer income. Case study in Pangalengan West-Java showed a lower production cost of chilled semen than those cost for purchasing frozen semen. Widely aplication of the using of chilled semen will reduce a dependency on frozen semen and importation of bull, and at the end will increase the national income. Â Keywords: Dairy cattle, frozen semen, chilled semen

Effects of hormonehCG following injection of estnanate of reproductive performances ofswamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Situmorang, Polmer; Siregar, Abdul Rachman
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 4 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Low reproductive performance of buffalo resulted the population growth in Indonesia was only slightly increase during the last 50 year. Reproductive performance can be improved by hormone treatment during synchronization . One study was conducted in Porsea and Siborong-borong to see the effects of hormone hCG on the reproductive performances of swamp buffalo . A total of 34 buffaloes were kept in field grazing and commercial concentrate 4 kg/head/day was given for supplementation in 27 buffaloes and the rest 7 buffaloes treated as control with no supplemeniation . Synchronization performed by two intromuscular (IM) injections of2 ml estrumate in 11 days interval . The buffaloes were divided into 2 groups of 16 buffaloes without hCG Â (Control group) and 18 buffaloes with hCG (Treated group). Treated group wereinjected with 500 IU hCG intro-muscularly (IM) 24-48 hours following second injection of estrumate . All buffaloes were artificially inseminated (AI) 48 and 72 hours after the second injection of estrumate. Results showed that injection of estrurnate twice in 11 days interval was very effective to synchronize oestrus of buffaloes. The persentage of buffalo showing oestrus was 67 .5 and 85 .3% following 48 and 72 Ins of Â thesecond injection of estrumate resfectively . The effectiveness of estrumate was significantly affected by body condition of buffaloes where the persentage of oestrus 48 and 72 hours following estrumate injection was significantly higher (P<0.01) in buffaloes with good body condition than those in poor body condition (74.5 and 92.5% vs 42 .9 and 57 .1%). Injection ofhCG following estrumate increased the percentage of oestrus and pregnancy of buffalo. Percentages of oestrus of buffaloes 48 and 72 hours following estrumate injections was significantly higher (P<0 .01) in hCG treatment (83 .3 and 100%) than those in control groups (68 .8 and 81 .3%) . The pregnancy rate of buffalo with good body condition was significantly higher (P<0.01) in group of buffaloes with hCG than those control groups ( 86 .6 vs 50.0%) . It is concluded that injection of hCG following estrumate can improve the reproductive performance ofswamp buffalo Â Keywords : Swamp buffaloes, hCG, oestrus, body condition

Effects of the addition of hormone in maturation medium for in vitro production ofembryo (IVP). Hidayati, Nurhasanah; Sugiarti, Tatit; Situmorang, Polmer; Triwulanningsih, Endang; Lubis, Adriana
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 3, No 1 (1998)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A study on the effects of hormone FSH, hCG and estrogen in maturation medium on embryo production (IVP) was conducted. Ovaries of dairy cows were obtained from slaughtered house and oocytes were collected by aspiration and slicing. Oocytes were matured in TCM-199 media containing one of each hormonal treatments : 10 ug/ml FSH, 2 IU hCG, 1 ug/ml estrogen, 10 ug/ml FSH + 2 IU hCG, 10 ug/ml FSH + 1 ug/ml estrogen, and 10 ug/ml FSH + 2 IU hCG + 1 ug/ml estrogen for 24 hours. Fertilization was conducted in thyroid albumin lactate pyruvate (TALP) media containing 10 ug/ml heparin for 18-24 hours and co-cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid (Sof-media) using C02 incubator at 38oC. Every 48 hours the embryos were moved into fresh Sofmedia and embryo evaluation was done on day 7using a microscope . From a total of 293 oocytes studied resulted 60.4% of zygotes which develop to 9.4% young embryos ( cell numbers <16), 45.3% morulae and 5,7% blastocysts. Hormones used singly did not significantly affect the production of embryo . The highest mean percentages of fertilization wasobtained in FSH (73.3%) and the lowest in estrogen (59.6%), but the mean percentage of blastocyst was higher in estrogen . The mean percentages of young embryos, morulae and blastocysts were 4.8, 66.1, 2.4 ; 18 .8, 41 .6, 6.6 and 3 .3, 46.6, 10 .0 for FSH, hCG and estrogen, respectively . Using a combination of FSH with hCG and estrogen did not significantly increase the production of embryo . The mean percentages of fertilization, young embryo, morulae and blastocysts were 55.2, 9.3, 43.4 and 2.6 ; 51 .7, 4.8, 35.8 and 11 .1 and 56 .0, 12 .3, 42.3 and 1 .4 for FSH+hCG, FSH+estrogen and FSH+hCG+estrogen respectively . Â Keywords: Embryo, fertilization, hormone, in vitro

The effects of proline, carnitine on the viability of sperm stored at 5oC (chilled semen) Situmorang, Polmer; Triwulanningsih, E; Lubis, A; Caroline, W; Sugiarti, T
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 1 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the addition of proline, carnitine in Tris-extender on the viability of bull sperm following storage at 5oC. Semen was collected by means of artificial vagina (AV), diluted in Tris-extender containing 5% V/V egg yolk (EY) and 4% V/V glycerol to get a final concentration of 50 million sperms/ml. Diluted semen cooled to 5oC for 45 minute and stored at those temperature for 1, 3, 10, and 13 days. In the first activity the addition of 15, 30 and 60 mM carnitine in Tris-extender while in the second activity the inclusion of 15, 30, and 60 mM proline on the viability of sperm was investigated. Addition of carnitine to Tris-extender signifinatly increase (P<0.05) the viability of sperm after storage for more than 3 days. At 3 days of storage, the mean %M and %L were 27.3, 38.8, 33.5, 53.0, 31.8, 47.0, and 30.5, 46.8 for control 15, 30, and 60 mM carnitine respectively. The similar results was obtained for 7 days of storage where the mean %M and %L for control (12.5 and 27.3) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those 15, 30, and 60 mM carnitine (15.0, 33.5, 18.8, 36.5, 17.5, 36.3). The superiority of carnitine was maintained for 10 days of storage, where the mean %L were 23.5, 28.8, 31.5, and 30.3 for control; 15; 30; and 60 mM respectively. There was no any significant within concentration of carnitine tested (15 to 60 mM).The condition of apical ridge was not significantly affected by carnitine. In the second activity, inclusion of proline to Trisextender statistically (P<0.05) improved the viability of sperm after storage for 7 and 13 days. After 7 days of storage the mean %M and %L were 31.4, 36.4, 38.8, 40.4, 36.6, 42.7, and 34.8, 43.3 for control; 15, 30, and 60 mM proline respectively. The significant effects of proline was remain for 13 days of storage where the mean %M and % L were 24.6, 32.9, 28.6, 37.5, 29.1, 39.8, and 30.1, 37.3 for control; 15, 30, and 60 mM proline respectively. There was no significant difference within the concentration of proline. Condition of apical ridge was not significantly affected by proline. Â Key words: Sperm, viability, carnitine, proline

The effects of cholesterol on the viability and fertility of bull spermatozoa Situmorang, Polmer
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 7, No 4 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cholesterol on the viability and fertility of chilled and deep-frozen bull spermatozoa. Semen was collected by means of artificial vagina, diluted in Tris-Citrat diluent and cooled to 50C for 60 minutes. Following an equiliberation for 4 hours, semen was frozen at 5 cm above surface of liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes. The experiment was 2 x 3 factorial designed with two level of egg yolk (10 and 20% v/v) and 3 level of cholesterol (0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml). The viability of spermatozoa was evaluated after the temperature reduced to 50C, stored at 50C for 1, 3 and 7 days and after thawing. For fertility test, cows were artificially inseminated (AI) using chilled and frozen semen on the onset or 6 hours of oestrus. Rectal palpation was conducted 3 months after AI to determine the pregnancy. The percentages motile of chilled semen was higher in 0.5 mg/ml than those of 0.0 or 1.0 mg/ml cholesterol but this difference was not significant. After thawing, the effects of cholesterol on the percentage motile was significant (P<0.05). The mean percentage motile was 47.5; 51,5 and 56.0 for 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml cholesterol respectively. The percentage of live sperm and intact apical ridge was higher in cholesterol however this effects was not significant. The effects level of egg yolk and its interaction with cholesterol on the viability was not significant. The percentage of pregnant was higher in 1.0 mg/ml and the mean percentage of pregnant was 45.8; 48.2 and 55.7 for 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml cholesterol respectively. Percentage of pregnant was higher for chilled semen than those of frozen semen (54.3 vs 45.5). In conclusion the addition of 1 mg/ml cholesterol increase the percentage of motile after thawing and pregnancy of cows inseminated with chilled and frozen semen. Â Key words: Semen, viability, cholesterol, pregnan

Superovulation in different buffalo genotypes Situmorang, Polmer
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Studies has been conducted to evaluate the response of different buffaloes genotype to superovulation treatments. PSMG (2500 IU) was injected intra muscular in a single injection on day 10 of estrus cycle while a total of 12 ml Folltropin was administrated twice a day with 12 hours interval in a decreasing doses for 4 days (2.5; 2.5; 2.0; 2.0; 1.0; 1.0 and 0.5; 0.5 ml). Embryos were collected by non-surgically technique on day 6 of estrus cycle by flushing each horn of uterus with 500 ml Dubelcos Phosphat Buffer Saline (DBPS). Diameter of ovary (DO), total corpora lutea (TCL), total embryo (TE) and percentage of recovery rate (% RR) were recorded as parameters. Administration of hormone highly significantly (P<0.01) affected the ovulation response of buffalo. The mean DO was highly significantly higher (P<0.01) in PMSG than that in Folltropin (9.5 vs 4.4 cm), but TCL, TE and % RR were significantly lower (P<0.01) in PMSG (2.0; 0.0 and 0.0 vs 5.5; 2.6 and 43.7). The mean DO was significantly higher (P<0.05) in river than both in swamp and crosses (6.0 vs 4.3 and 3.3 cm). No significantly differentwas observed between the mean DO of swamp and crosses. TCL, TE and % RR were not statistically significant among different buffalo genotype. The mean of TCL, TE and % RR were 6.2, 2.5 and 48.0; 5.8; 2.3 and 40.0 and 5.7; 3.3 and 52.8 for river, swamp and crosses buffalo, respectively. Both left and right ovary gave a similar response to superovulation treatments. In onclusion, the response of a different buffalo genotypes following superovulation with Folltropin was not significant.Â Key words: Superovulation, buffalo, genotype, embryo

Effect the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone following superovulation treatment in buffalo Situmorang, Polmer
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 4 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

A numbers of studies had been reported to evaluate the effect of hormone for superovulation treatment in buffaloes, however the numbers of embryo recovered is still very small. One of the limiting factors which affect the numbers of embryo recovered is preovulatery LH concentration. The experiment was carried out to study the effect of hCG following superovulation treatments in buffaloes as an effort to increase the embryo recovered. Ten (10) buffaloes in three different genotypes (Riverine, swamp and its crosses) were superovulated using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). A total of 12 ml FSH (Folltropin) was injected intramuscularry twice a day with 12 hours interval in a decreasing doses for 4 days (2.5, 2.5; 2.0, 2.0; 1.0, 1.0 and 0.5, 0.5 ml). Prostaglandin was injected intramuscularry 2 days after the first injection of FSH followed by administration of 500 IU hCG two days later. At the same days of administration of hCG, artificial insemination (AI) using frozen semen was conducted and repeated again after 12 and 24 hours. Blood collecting was conducted 3 times a week for obtaining the progesteron level of plasma blood. Embryo was collected by non-surgically technique on day 6 of estrus cycle by flushing each horn of uterus with 500 ml Dubelcos Phosphat Buffer Saline (DBPS). Parameter recorded were diameter of ovary (DO), total corpus luteum (TCL), number of embryo collected (NE), percentage of recovery rate (%RR) and peak progesteron level (PP). Administration of hCG significantly increase the response of buffalo to superovulation treatment. The mean of DO (cm), TCL, NE and RR (%) was 4.0, 6.3, 2.1 and 37.2 and 4.5, 7.5, 3.9 and 48.1 for controll and 500 IU hCG respectively. The mean NE was significantly higher (P<0.05) in hCG than those control. The peak progesterone concentration was highly significant higher (P<0.01) in hCG (8.9 ng/ml) than those control (6.8 ng/ml). Both left and right ovary gave a similar response to superovulation treatments. In conclusion the admission of hCG following superovulation treatments using folltrophin increase the number of embryos recovered. Â Â Key Words: hCG, Superovulation, Buffalo, Embryo

Using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for superovulation in buffalo Situmorang, Polmer
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 11, No 4 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Studies of superovulation have been carried out in buffaloes and the progress has been achieved but the number of embryo collected was still small. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the use Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for superovulation in buffalo. First study, fifteen buffaloes were randomly divided into 3 groups of five buffaloes of each group and superovulated using three type of FSH (FSH-P; FSC-China and Folltropin). Hormones were given twice a day for 4 days in decreasing doses methods. First injection initiated on day 10 of estrus cycle, followed by prostaglandin on day 12 than artificially inseminated (AI) two days later. Recovery of embryo was conducted un-surgically method by flushing uterus horn on day 6 after AI. Second study, 10 buffaloes were randomly divided into 2 groups of each five buffaloes First group was superovulated with FSH followed methodology in the first study (control group) and second group were given a prime FSH on day 1 of estrus cycle before superovulation (treatment group). After 3 months the superovulation was repeated in the reverse condition where the control become treatment and the treatment become a control group. The type of FSH did not significantly affect the superovulatory response. The mean total corpus luteum (TCL), total number of embryo (TNE) and total number of viable embryo (TVE) were 6.8, 3.3 and 2.2,Â 6.2, 3.0 andÂ 2.1 andÂ 7.2, 3.6 andÂ 2.4 for FSH-P, FSH China and Folltropin respectively. A single injection of FSH significantly increased (P<0.05) the number of embryo collected. The mean TCL, TNE and TVE were 6.9, 2.8 and 2.1 and 8.2, 3.3 and 2.5 for control and treatments respectively. The peak progesterone level was significantly higher (P<0.05) in treatment group (6.8 ng/ml) than those in control (5.6 ng/ml). Repeated the superovulation after 3 months did not significantly affect the number of embryo collected. In conclusion, superovulation in buffaloes can be performed using a types of FSH and prime injection of FSH on day 1 of estrus cycle increase the number of embryo recovered. The superovulation can be conducted after 3 months. Key Words: FSH, Superovulation, Embryo

Effects of concentration of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) on the rates of ovulations and twinning birth Situmorang, Polmer; Sianturi, R; Kusumaningrum, D. A; Triwulaningsih, E
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 4 (2010)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Twinning in monotocous domestic species dairy cattle is most frequently by dyzygote in which two eggs is ovulated by treatment with gonadotropin hormon. A study to see the effects of concentration of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Folltropin) on the ovulation rates and twinning birth was conducted. The experiment designed was commpletely randomized designed with 3 treatment of total concentration of FSH (A: 12, B: 6 and C 3 ml) and 4 lactating cows for a replications. Hormon was intramussculary injected in decreasing dossis method twice a day with 12 hours apart for 4 days. Data recorded were the diameter of ovary (DO), total corpus luteum (TCL), concentration of progesterone on the day 12 of estrus cycle (P), percentage of pregnancy and number of birth. FSH significantly increased the ovulation rates. The means DO was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after injection (6.3 cm) than those before injection (2.0 cm). The TCL and P were highly significant (P < 0.01) higher after injection. The TCL and P were 1.2 and 0.8 ng/ml and 8.5 and 3.0 ng/ml before and after hormone treatment respectively. Concentration of FSH significantly increase (P < 0.05) the TCL and P but not for DO. The means DO, TCL and P were 5.0, 4.5 and 1.6, 5.5, 8,8 and 1.8 and 8.4cm, 12.3 and 5.3 ng/ml for treatments C, B and A respectively. Persentage of pregnancy was decreasing by the increasing of ovulations rates and the highest percentage of pregnancy 75% was obtained on treatments C. The normal single birth was found for treatment C and neonatal death were occurred for treatment B and A where the number of calves is higher than 2. In conclusion the FSH increased the ovulation rates in dairy cattle and the ovulation rates obtained was also affected by the concentration of hormone. Key Words: Hormone, FSH, Ovulation, Twin Birth

Ovulation rates and twinning birth following Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) treatment at differents stages of estrus cycle Situmorang, Polmer; Kusumaningrum, D.A; Sianturi, R
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Twinning rate could be increased through genetically approach or through hormonal induction approach. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of first injection of FSH initiated on the ovulation rate. The experiment design was completely randomized with 3 different time of FSH was initiated as treatment using 12 lactating dairy cattle. Injection of FSH was initiated at day 2 (Treatment I), day 10 (Treatment II) and at day 18 (Treatment III) of estrus cycle. A total of 6 ml Folltropin (Equivalent 120 mg FSH) was intramussculary injected in decreasing dossis method twice a day with 12 hours interval for 4 days. Blood was collected on day 12 of estrus cycle for progesterone level. Data recorded were the diameter of ovary (DO), total corpus luteum (TCL), concentration of progesterone (P), percentage of pregnancy and number of birth. The means DO, TCL and P were significantly (P < 0.05) higher after injection (2.0 cm; 2.1 and 1.6 ng/ml) than those before injection (1.4 cm, 1.0 dan 0.6 ng/ml). The time of first injection of FSH was initiated, significantly affect the ovulation rate. The mean DO, TCL and P were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in treatment II (2.6 cm; 4.0 and 2.9 ng/ml) than those in treatments I (1.9 cm; 1.3 and 0.9 ng/ml) or in treatment III (1.6 cm; 1.3 and 0.9 ng/ml). There was no significant diference between treatment I and III. The percentage of pregnant were 25.0; 75.0 and 25.0 for treatments I; II and III respectively. One twin birth and 1 single birth were obtained in treatments II but only one single birth for each treatment I and III. Number of CL were positively correlated with the concentration of progesterone but were not fully useful for prediction number of birth. In conclusion, the dairy cattle gave a better response to exogenous gonadotropin hormone when the first injection was initiated at day 10 of estrus cycle. Key Words: Hormone, FSH, Estrus Cycle, Ovulation, Twin Birth

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