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Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Tomat Melalui Inverted Gardening dan Conventional Gardening Berbasis Pemanfaatan Bakteri Indigenus Widawati, S; Sudiana, IM; Sukara, E; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 22, No 3 (2012): September 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Abstract

ABSTRAK. Inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 merupakan campuran 16 isolat bakteri indigenus lahan gambut (Rhizobium,  Azotobacter, Azospirillum, dan bakteri pelarut fosfat) masing-masing empat isolat digunakan sebagai pupuk hayati untuk meningkatkan produksi tomat dalam inverted dan conventional gardening. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui peran potensial inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 sebagai plant growth promoter dalam kondisi lingkungan ekstrim, khususnya pada lahan gambut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI,  dari Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2011 Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 28 perlakuan penambahan media pupuk pada media tanam dengan tiga ulangan atau pot. Media dasar ialah gambut (50%) dan tambahan pupuk hayati (50%). Perlakuan tambahan media pupuk mencakup : (1) gambut sebagai kontrol, (2) sekam kotoran ayam, (3) kompos, (4) pasir halus, (5) kapur, (6) Azzofor-wd3, (7) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus, (8) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur, (9) sekam kotoran ayam + Azzofor-wd3, (10) kompos + pasir halus, (11) kompos + kapur, (12) kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (13) pasir halus + kapur, (14) pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (15) kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (16) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (17) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + kapur, (18) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (19) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + kapur, (20) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (21) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (22) kompos + pasir halus + kapur, (23) kompos + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (24) pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (25) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (26) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (27) kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, dan (28) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi tomat tertinggi setelah 3 bulan ialah pada perlakukan media gambut + sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3 pada inverted dan conventional gardening, masing-masing sebesar 63,9 dan 65,9 g/pot.  Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh perlakukan yang nyata antara inverted dan conventional gardening dalam hal P-tersedia, populasi bakteri, dan aktivitas PME-ase. Namun demikian, tidak ada pengaruh perlakuan yang nyata terhadap produksi tomat antara inverted dan conventional gardening.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Azzofor-wd3 merupakan bakteri pendorong pertumbuhan tanaman yang potensial untuk tanaman tomat yang dibudidayakan pada lahan gambut.  Aplikasi jenis bakteri tersebut sangat bermanfaat dalam  pengayaan tanah gambut untuk pembudidayaan tanaman sayuran. ABSTRACT. Widawati, S, Sudiana, IM, Sukara, E, and Muharam, A 2012. The Technology of Tomato Plant Cultivation Through Inverted and Conventional Gardening Based on Utilization of Indigenous Bacteria. Azzofor-wd3 is a solid inoculant consisted of 16 peat indigenous bacteria isolates i.e. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and PSB four isolates respectively were used as biofertilizers to stimulate tomato production on inverted and conventional gardening. An experiment was conducted at the Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences from January until December 2011. The research was aimed to determine the potential role of Azzofor-wd3 solid inoculant as a plant growth promoter in extremely environmental conditions. The treatments of growth media mixture were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The based media was peat for 50% of mixture. The treatments were the addition of biofertilizers with the same volume of the based media (50%). The treatments were (1) peat only as the control, (2) chicken dunk, (3) compost, (4) fine sand, (5) lime, (6) Azzofor-wd3 inoculant, (7) chicken dunk + fine sand, (8) chicken dunk + lime, (9) chicken dunk + Azzofor-wd3, (10) compost + fine sand, (11) compost + lime, (12) compost + Azzofor-wd3, (13) fine sand + lime, (14) fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (15) lime + Azzofor-wd3, (16)  chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (17) chicken dunk + compost + lime, (18) chicken dunk + compost + Azzofor-wd3, (19) chicken dunk + fine sand + lime, (20) chicken dunk + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (21) chicken dunk + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (22) compost + fine sand + lime, (23) compost + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (24) fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (25) Chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (26) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (27) compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, and (28) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3. The results showed that the highest production of  tomato in inverted gardening was 63.9 g/pot and in conventional gardening was 65.9 g/pot produced by the plants grown on peat + chicken dunk + compost + sand + lime + Azzofor wd3 inoculant, 3 months after planting. There was significant difference of available-P, bacterial population, and PME-ase activity in inverted and conventional gardening before and after fertilization, whereas there was no significant difference of  tomato yield between inverted and convensional gardening. It can be concluded that  Azzofor-wd3 is potential as a plant growth promoting bacteria for tomato plants grown in peat soil. The application of the bacteria is very helpful to enrich peat soil for growing  vegetable crops.
Uji Laboratorium Azospirillum sp. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Ekosistem Widawati, S; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 22, No 3 (2012): September 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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Abstract

ABSTRAK. Beberapa mikrob yang bersifat nonpatogenik dan nonsimbiotik yang efektif menambat nitrogen dari udara serta mampu melarutkan P terikat pada Ca, Al, dan Fe dalam tanah, dapat hidup dalam berbagai ekosistem di alam. Sebagian bakteri tersebut dapat diisolasi dari daerah perakaran tanaman hortikultura. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui peran Azospirillum sp. yang potensial sebagai pendorong pertumbuhan tanaman pada ekosistem pantai dan kondisi lingkungan yang ekstrim. Pengujian terhadap isolat bakteri yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai kondisi ekosistem dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ekofisiologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Bogor dari Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2011. Sebanyak 34 isolat Azospirillum sp. diuji dengan berbagai metode, yaitu (1) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp.  dalam menambat (fiksasi) nitrogen dan kemampuan hidup pada media Okon padat yang mengandung NaCl, (2) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp. dalam melarutkan P terikat pada  Ca3(PO4)2 dalam media  Pikovskaya padat dan indeks efisiensi pelarutan fosfat,  (3) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp. dalam melarutkan P terikat pada media  Pikovskaya cair  dan aktivitas enzim PME-ase asam dan basa, serta kondisi pH selama inkubasi 7 hari pada kultur murni (pH asal= 7), dan (4) analisis kemampuan Azospirillum sp. dalam memproduksi indole acetic acid (IAA).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) semua isolat bakteri yang diuji mampu menambat nitrogen dalam media Okon padat,  (2) isolat B2, B4, B6, B12,  B14, PS2, dan FR13 mampu melarutkan P dari Ca3(PO4)2 dalam medium Pikovskaya padat dengan masing-masing indeks efisiensi pelarutan sebesar  120, 160, 140, 100, 110, 120, dan 100,  (3) isolat B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B14, B17, PS1, PS2, PS3, FR1, FR5, FR7, FR8, FR10, FR12, dan FR13 mampu tumbuh dalam medium Okon dengan kandungan NaCl sebesar 0, 2, 4, atau 6%, (4)  konsentrasi tertinggi P terlarut dihasilkan oleh isolat B4 (5,80 mg/l), B6 (5,84 mg/l), dan PS2 (5,45 mg/l) dengan PME-ase sebesar 0,58 u m/l, 0,58 u m/l, 0,57 u m/l (asam), 0,52 mg/l, 0,50 mg/l, 0,48 mg/l (basa), dan dengan  pH : 4,20, 4,30, dan 4,22,  dan (5) isolat B4 dan B6 yang diisolasi dari pertanaman padi di pantai Rambut Siwi, Bali, mampu memproduksi IAA tertinggi, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 0,6749 dan 0,4694 ppm pada hari pertama setelah perlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini terbukti bahwa isolat Azospirillum sp. berpotensi sebagai plant growth promoter  untuk ekosistem di daerah pesisir atau pantai. Bakteri tersebut sangat penting untuk pengkayaan nutrisi pada lahan di daerah dataran rendah atau pantai dalam rangka pengembangan tanaman termasuk komoditas hortikultura.ABSTRACT. Widawati, S and Muharam, A 2012. The Laboratory  Test of  Azospirillum sp. Isolated  from Several  Ecosystems. Microbes that are nonpathogenic  and nonsymbiotic bacteria which are effectively fixed up nitrogen from air, and are able to dissolve phosphated bounded on Ca, Al, and Fe in soil, are able to growth in different ecosystems in nature. Some of the bacterial species can be isolated from rizosphere of horticultural crops. The research was aimed to determine the potential role of Azospirillum sp.  as a plant growth promoter in coastal ecosystem and extremely environmental conditions. The laboratory test of Azospirillum sp. isolated from several ecosystems was carried out in the Ecophysiology Laboratory, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor from January until December 2011. Thirty-four isolates of Azospirillum sp. (B1 to B17;PS1 to PS3; FR1 to FR 14) were investigated with some methods i.e. (1) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. to fix up nitrogen in solid Okon medium containing NaCl, (2) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in dissolving bounded P in solid Pikovskaya medium and phosphate dissolution efficiency index,  (3) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in dissolving bounded P in liquid Pikovskaya medium and the activity of acid and base PME-ase, and pH condition after 7 days incubation in pure media, and (4) analysis of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in producing indole acetic acid (IAA).  The results pointed out that : (1) all tested isolates of Azospirillum sp. were  capable to fix up nitrogen in solid Okon medium, (2) isolates of B2, B4, B6, B12,  B14, PS2, and FR13 were capable to solubilize P on Ca3(PO4)2 in solid Pikovskaya medium with its efficiency of  120, 160, 140, 100, 110, 120, and 100, respectively, (3) isolates of B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B14, B17, PS1, PS2, PS3, FR1, FR5, FR7, FR8, FR10, FR12, and FR13 were able to grow in Okon medium with 0, 2, 4, or 6% of NaCl doses, (4) the highest concentrations of solubilized P was resulted by isolates B4 (5.80 mg/l), B6 (5.84 mg/l), and PS2 (5.45 mg/l) with PME-ase i.e. 0.58 u m/l, 0.58 u m/l, 0.57 u m/l (acid), 0.52 mg/l, 0.50 mg/l, 0.48 mg/l (base), and with pH : 4.20, 4.30, and 4.22, and (5) isolates of B4 and B6 isolated from rice field at Rambut Siwi beach, Bali, were capable to produce highest IAA hormone i.e. 0.6749 and 0.4694 ppm respectively  on the first day after the treatment. Based on the result of this experiment it can be concluded that Azospirillum sp. is a potential plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria for coastal ecosystem. The bacterial species is very important to enrich coastal areas for crop cultivation, including horticulture.
Pengaruh Kompos yang Diperkaya Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen dan Pelarut Fosfat terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kapri dan Aktivitas Enzim Fosfatase dalam Tanah Widawati, S; Suliasih, Suliasih; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 3 (2010): September 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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ABSTRAK. Penggunaan pupuk organik dalam budidaya sayuran memiliki beberapa keuntungan, terutama untukmempertahankan kondisi tanah dan menekan penggunaan pupuk anorganik. Penelitian dilaksanakan di DesaCidawu (1.250 m dpl.), Cibodas, Kabupaten Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat, mulai bulan Januari sampai Desember2007. Sampel tanah dikoleksi dari daerah berbeda di Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahuipengaruh kompos yang diperkaya dengan bakteri pelarut fosfat (phosphate solubilizing bacteria=PSB) terhadappertumbuhan tanaman kapri dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acakkelompok dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Varietas kapri yang digunakan ialah varietas lokal. Perlakuanterdiri atas (A) tanpa pupuk, (B) pupuk anorganik (TSP+KCl+Urea), (C) kotoran ayam + sekam, (D) kompos, dan(E) kompos plus, yaitu kompos yang diberi campuran bakteri, yaitu bakteri penambat nitrogen simbiotik, bakteripenambat nitrogen nonsimbiotik, dan bakteri pelarut fosfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran bakteriyang diisolasi dari tanah gambut di Kalimantan Barat yang terkandung dalam kompos plus dapat beradaptasi denganbaik pada lahan di lokasi penelitian. Populasi total SNFB, NSNFB, dan PSB meningkat masing-masing menjadi 9,15x 108, 9,34 x 108, dan 9,35 x 108 sel/g tanah. Keberadaan campuran bakteri tersebut mampu meningkatkan aktivitasenzim fosfatase asam dan basa di dalam tanah. Peningkatan tertinggi aktivitas enzim fosfomonoesterase asam danbasa dicapai pada perlakuan kompos plus. Perlakuan tersebut juga meningkatkan berat buah kapri dibandingkandengan kontrol (75,32 %), perlakuan pupuk kimia (45,48%), kotoran ayam + sekam ( 31,19 %), dan kompos (15,60%). Pemanfaatan campuran bakteri pelarut fosfat tersebut dalam kompos diharapkan dapat digunakan secara meluasdalam pembudidayaan kapri dalam sistem organic farming (OF), sehingga berperan dalam peningkatan produksi dansekaligus menekan penggunaan pupuk anorganik.ABSTRACT. Widawati, S., Suliasih, and A. Muharam. 2010. The Effect of Compost Enriched with SymbioticNitrogen Fixing and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth of Peas and the Activity of PhosphataseEnzymes in the Soil. The use of organic materials on cultivation of vegetable crops has some advantages, especiallyfor maintaining suitable soil conditions and decreasing the utilization of inorganic fertilizers. The research wascarried out at Cidawu Village, Cibodas (1,250 m asl.), Cianjur, West Java, from January to December 2007. Soilsamples were collected from some different areas in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The research was aimed todetermine the effect of compost enriched with mixed phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the growth of peasand on the activity of phosphatase enzymes in the soil. A randomized block design with five treatments and threereplications was used in the experiment. A local variety of peas was utilized in the experiment. The treatments werethe addition of fertilizers consisted of (A) without any fertilizer, (B) with inorganic fertilizers i.e. TSP+KCl+Urea,(C) with chicken dung + rice husk, (D) with compost, and (E) with compost plus (compost enriched with symbioticnitrogen fixing bacteria/SNFB, nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria/NSNFB, and PSB). The results showed thatthe mixed bacteria isolated from peat soil in West Kalimantan in the compost plus (treatment E) properly adaptedin soil conditions at the site of the experiment. The total populations of SNFB, NSNFB, and PSB were increased upto 9.15 x 108, 9.34 x 108, and 9.35 x 108 cell/g soil, respectively. The occurrence of the mixed bacteria increased theactivity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil. The highest activities of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesteraseenzymes in the soil achieved by the treatment of compost plus. The treatment increased the fresh weight of peascompared to control (75.32 %), to the chemical fertilizers (45.48%), to chicken dung+rice husk ( 31.19 %), and tocompost (15.60 %). The widely application of the mixed PSB in compost is hopefully established in cultivation ofpeas in the organic farming (OF) system, then it will confidently support on the increase of peas production, and thedecrease of inorganic fertilizers as well.
Aplikasi Pupuk Organik dan Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat dan Aktivitas Mikroba Tanah Suliasih, Suliasih; Widawati, S; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 3 (2010): September 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and Development

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ABSTRAK. Pemanfaatan bahan organik untuk budidaya tomat dewasa ini difokuskan untuk menekan penggunaanbahan kimia yang berlebihan, sehingga kerusakan lingkungan dapat diminimalkan. Percobaan dilaksanakan di DesaCidawu, Cibodas, Cianjur (1.250 m dpl.), sejak Januari sampai Desember 2007. Pupuk organik yang digunakanyaitu kompos dan kotoran ayam + sekam, sedangkan pupuk hayati yaitu bakteri pelarut fosfat (phosphatesolubilizing bacteria = PSB). Tujuan percobaan adalah mendapatkan inokulan yang efektif untuk meningkatkanpertumbuhan dan hasil tomat, serta menstimulasi aktivitas mikroba dan enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Percobaanmenggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan, yaitu tanpa pemupukan maupun inokulan (K),pemberian inokulan PSB (P1), pemberian kompos (P2), pemberian kotoran ayam+sekam (P3), dan pemberianpupuk kimia NPK (P4), masing-masing dengan tiga kali ulangan. Varietas tomat yang digunakan adalah Gondol.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk organik atau inokulan PSB dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhantanaman tomat dan hasil buahnya, serta populasi PSB dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Pemberianinokulan PSB menghasilkan peubah tinggi tanaman tomat tertinggi (108,3 cm) dibandingkan dengan kontrol (72,3cm), dan meningkatkan hasil buah sebanyak 88,2% dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dan juga lebih tinggi daripadapemberian pupuk kimia NPK. Peningkatan tertinggi populasi PSB dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase asam serta basadalam tanah setelah panen tomat juga diperoleh dari pemberian inokulan PSB dibandingkan dengan perlakuanlain. Implementasi inokulan PSB dan pupuk organik secara meluas dalam pembudidayaan tomat diharapkandapat mendorong peningkatan produksi, produktivitas, dan mutu buah tomat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar.ABSTRACT. Suliasih, S. Widawati, and A. Muharam. 2010. The Application of Organic Fertilizers andPhosphate Solubilizing Bacteria to Increase the Growth of Tomato and Soil Microbial Activities. The use oforganic matters on tomato cultivation is focused to decrease the utilization of chemical substances for minimizingenvironmental degradation. An experiment was conducted at Cidawu Village, Cibodas, Cianjur (1,250 m asl.) todetermine the suitable and effective inoculant to increase the growth of tomato plants, and also to stimulate soil microbialactivities. The tomato variety used was Gondol. The organic fertilizers were compost, chicken dung plus rice husk,and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), as a biofertilizer. A randomized block design with three replications wasutilized in this experiment. The treatments consisted of without organic fertilizers or PSB (control) (K), inoculationof PSB (P1), application of compost (P2), (4) application of chicken dung plus rice husk (P3), and application of thechemical fertilizer (NPK) (P4). The results showed that the application of organic fertilizers and PSB increased thegrowth of tomato plants and also PSB population, acid, and alkaline phosphatase activities in the soil after harvesting.The inoculation of PSB resulted in heighest plant height (108.3 cm) compared to control (72.3 cm) and also thehighest tomato yield compared to the control treatment (88.2%), and even it was higher than the yield caused by theapplication of the chemical fertilizer. The highest increase of PSB population and the activities of acid and alkalinephosphatase enzymes in soil after harvesting was also caused by the application of the PSB inoculant compared to theother treatments. The applications of organic fertilizers and PSB for wide scale cultivation of tomato expectantly playan important role for increasing production, productivity, and quality of tomato to fulfill market demand for the product.
Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Tomat Melalui Inverted Gardening dan Conventional Gardening Berbasis Pemanfaatan Bakteri Indigenus Widawati, S; Sudiana, IM; Sukara, E; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 22, No 3 (2012): September 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v22n3.2012.p224-232

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 merupakan campuran 16 isolat bakteri indigenus lahan gambut (Rhizobium,  Azotobacter, Azospirillum, dan bakteri pelarut fosfat) masing-masing empat isolat digunakan sebagai pupuk hayati untuk meningkatkan produksi tomat dalam inverted dan conventional gardening. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui peran potensial inokulan padat Azzofor-wd3 sebagai plant growth promoter dalam kondisi lingkungan ekstrim, khususnya pada lahan gambut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI,  dari Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2011 Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 28 perlakuan penambahan media pupuk pada media tanam dengan tiga ulangan atau pot. Media dasar ialah gambut (50%) dan tambahan pupuk hayati (50%). Perlakuan tambahan media pupuk mencakup : (1) gambut sebagai kontrol, (2) sekam kotoran ayam, (3) kompos, (4) pasir halus, (5) kapur, (6) Azzofor-wd3, (7) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus, (8) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur, (9) sekam kotoran ayam + Azzofor-wd3, (10) kompos + pasir halus, (11) kompos + kapur, (12) kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (13) pasir halus + kapur, (14) pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (15) kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (16) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (17) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + kapur, (18) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + Azzofor-wd3, (19) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + kapur, (20) sekam kotoran ayam + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (21) sekam kotoran ayam + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (22) kompos + pasir halus + kapur, (23) kompos + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (24) pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, (25) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus, (26) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + Azzofor-wd3, (27) kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3, dan (28) sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi tomat tertinggi setelah 3 bulan ialah pada perlakukan media gambut + sekam kotoran ayam + kompos + pasir halus + kapur + Azzofor-wd3 pada inverted dan conventional gardening, masing-masing sebesar 63,9 dan 65,9 g/pot.  Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh perlakukan yang nyata antara inverted dan conventional gardening dalam hal P-tersedia, populasi bakteri, dan aktivitas PME-ase. Namun demikian, tidak ada pengaruh perlakuan yang nyata terhadap produksi tomat antara inverted dan conventional gardening.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Azzofor-wd3 merupakan bakteri pendorong pertumbuhan tanaman yang potensial untuk tanaman tomat yang dibudidayakan pada lahan gambut.  Aplikasi jenis bakteri tersebut sangat bermanfaat dalam  pengayaan tanah gambut untuk pembudidayaan tanaman sayuran. ABSTRACT. Widawati, S, Sudiana, IM, Sukara, E, and Muharam, A 2012. The Technology of Tomato Plant Cultivation Through Inverted and Conventional Gardening Based on Utilization of Indigenous Bacteria. Azzofor-wd3 is a solid inoculant consisted of 16 peat indigenous bacteria isolates i.e. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and PSB four isolates respectively were used as biofertilizers to stimulate tomato production on inverted and conventional gardening. An experiment was conducted at the Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences from January until December 2011. The research was aimed to determine the potential role of Azzofor-wd3 solid inoculant as a plant growth promoter in extremely environmental conditions. The treatments of growth media mixture were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The based media was peat for 50% of mixture. The treatments were the addition of biofertilizers with the same volume of the based media (50%). The treatments were (1) peat only as the control, (2) chicken dunk, (3) compost, (4) fine sand, (5) lime, (6) Azzofor-wd3 inoculant, (7) chicken dunk + fine sand, (8) chicken dunk + lime, (9) chicken dunk + Azzofor-wd3, (10) compost + fine sand, (11) compost + lime, (12) compost + Azzofor-wd3, (13) fine sand + lime, (14) fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (15) lime + Azzofor-wd3, (16)  chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (17) chicken dunk + compost + lime, (18) chicken dunk + compost + Azzofor-wd3, (19) chicken dunk + fine sand + lime, (20) chicken dunk + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (21) chicken dunk + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (22) compost + fine sand + lime, (23) compost + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (24) fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, (25) Chicken dunk + compost + fine sand, (26) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + Azzofor-wd3, (27) compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3, and (28) chicken dunk + compost + fine sand + lime + Azzofor-wd3. The results showed that the highest production of  tomato in inverted gardening was 63.9 g/pot and in conventional gardening was 65.9 g/pot produced by the plants grown on peat + chicken dunk + compost + sand + lime + Azzofor wd3 inoculant, 3 months after planting. There was significant difference of available-P, bacterial population, and PME-ase activity in inverted and conventional gardening before and after fertilization, whereas there was no significant difference of  tomato yield between inverted and convensional gardening. It can be concluded that  Azzofor-wd3 is potential as a plant growth promoting bacteria for tomato plants grown in peat soil. The application of the bacteria is very helpful to enrich peat soil for growing  vegetable crops.
Uji Laboratorium Azospirillum sp. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Ekosistem Widawati, S; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 22, No 3 (2012): September 2012
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v22n3.2012.p258-267

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Beberapa mikrob yang bersifat nonpatogenik dan nonsimbiotik yang efektif menambat nitrogen dari udara serta mampu melarutkan P terikat pada Ca, Al, dan Fe dalam tanah, dapat hidup dalam berbagai ekosistem di alam. Sebagian bakteri tersebut dapat diisolasi dari daerah perakaran tanaman hortikultura. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui peran Azospirillum sp. yang potensial sebagai pendorong pertumbuhan tanaman pada ekosistem pantai dan kondisi lingkungan yang ekstrim. Pengujian terhadap isolat bakteri yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai kondisi ekosistem dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ekofisiologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Bogor dari Bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2011. Sebanyak 34 isolat Azospirillum sp. diuji dengan berbagai metode, yaitu (1) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp.  dalam menambat (fiksasi) nitrogen dan kemampuan hidup pada media Okon padat yang mengandung NaCl, (2) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp. dalam melarutkan P terikat pada  Ca3(PO4)2 dalam media  Pikovskaya padat dan indeks efisiensi pelarutan fosfat,  (3) uji kualitatif kemampuan isolat Azospirillum sp. dalam melarutkan P terikat pada media  Pikovskaya cair  dan aktivitas enzim PME-ase asam dan basa, serta kondisi pH selama inkubasi 7 hari pada kultur murni (pH asal= 7), dan (4) analisis kemampuan Azospirillum sp. dalam memproduksi indole acetic acid (IAA).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) semua isolat bakteri yang diuji mampu menambat nitrogen dalam media Okon padat,  (2) isolat B2, B4, B6, B12,  B14, PS2, dan FR13 mampu melarutkan P dari Ca3(PO4)2 dalam medium Pikovskaya padat dengan masing-masing indeks efisiensi pelarutan sebesar  120, 160, 140, 100, 110, 120, dan 100,  (3) isolat B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B14, B17, PS1, PS2, PS3, FR1, FR5, FR7, FR8, FR10, FR12, dan FR13 mampu tumbuh dalam medium Okon dengan kandungan NaCl sebesar 0, 2, 4, atau 6%, (4)  konsentrasi tertinggi P terlarut dihasilkan oleh isolat B4 (5,80 mg/l), B6 (5,84 mg/l), dan PS2 (5,45 mg/l) dengan PME-ase sebesar 0,58 u m/l, 0,58 u m/l, 0,57 u m/l (asam), 0,52 mg/l, 0,50 mg/l, 0,48 mg/l (basa), dan dengan  pH : 4,20, 4,30, dan 4,22,  dan (5) isolat B4 dan B6 yang diisolasi dari pertanaman padi di pantai Rambut Siwi, Bali, mampu memproduksi IAA tertinggi, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 0,6749 dan 0,4694 ppm pada hari pertama setelah perlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini terbukti bahwa isolat Azospirillum sp. berpotensi sebagai plant growth promoter  untuk ekosistem di daerah pesisir atau pantai. Bakteri tersebut sangat penting untuk pengkayaan nutrisi pada lahan di daerah dataran rendah atau pantai dalam rangka pengembangan tanaman termasuk komoditas hortikultura.ABSTRACT. Widawati, S and Muharam, A 2012. The Laboratory  Test of  Azospirillum sp. Isolated  from Several  Ecosystems. Microbes that are nonpathogenic  and nonsymbiotic bacteria which are effectively fixed up nitrogen from air, and are able to dissolve phosphated bounded on Ca, Al, and Fe in soil, are able to growth in different ecosystems in nature. Some of the bacterial species can be isolated from rizosphere of horticultural crops. The research was aimed to determine the potential role of Azospirillum sp.  as a plant growth promoter in coastal ecosystem and extremely environmental conditions. The laboratory test of Azospirillum sp. isolated from several ecosystems was carried out in the Ecophysiology Laboratory, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor from January until December 2011. Thirty-four isolates of Azospirillum sp. (B1 to B17;PS1 to PS3; FR1 to FR 14) were investigated with some methods i.e. (1) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. to fix up nitrogen in solid Okon medium containing NaCl, (2) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in dissolving bounded P in solid Pikovskaya medium and phosphate dissolution efficiency index,  (3) the qualitative test of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in dissolving bounded P in liquid Pikovskaya medium and the activity of acid and base PME-ase, and pH condition after 7 days incubation in pure media, and (4) analysis of the capability of Azospirillum sp. in producing indole acetic acid (IAA).  The results pointed out that : (1) all tested isolates of Azospirillum sp. were  capable to fix up nitrogen in solid Okon medium, (2) isolates of B2, B4, B6, B12,  B14, PS2, and FR13 were capable to solubilize P on Ca3(PO4)2 in solid Pikovskaya medium with its efficiency of  120, 160, 140, 100, 110, 120, and 100, respectively, (3) isolates of B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B14, B17, PS1, PS2, PS3, FR1, FR5, FR7, FR8, FR10, FR12, and FR13 were able to grow in Okon medium with 0, 2, 4, or 6% of NaCl doses, (4) the highest concentrations of solubilized P was resulted by isolates B4 (5.80 mg/l), B6 (5.84 mg/l), and PS2 (5.45 mg/l) with PME-ase i.e. 0.58 u m/l, 0.58 u m/l, 0.57 u m/l (acid), 0.52 mg/l, 0.50 mg/l, 0.48 mg/l (base), and with pH : 4.20, 4.30, and 4.22, and (5) isolates of B4 and B6 isolated from rice field at Rambut Siwi beach, Bali, were capable to produce highest IAA hormone i.e. 0.6749 and 0.4694 ppm respectively  on the first day after the treatment. Based on the result of this experiment it can be concluded that Azospirillum sp. is a potential plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria for coastal ecosystem. The bacterial species is very important to enrich coastal areas for crop cultivation, including horticulture.
Pengaruh Kompos yang Diperkaya Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen dan Pelarut Fosfat terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kapri dan Aktivitas Enzim Fosfatase dalam Tanah Widawati, S; Suliasih, Suliasih; Muharam, Agus
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 3 (2010): September 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v20n3.2010.p%p

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Penggunaan pupuk organik dalam budidaya sayuran memiliki beberapa keuntungan, terutama untukmempertahankan kondisi tanah dan menekan penggunaan pupuk anorganik. Penelitian dilaksanakan di DesaCidawu (1.250 m dpl.), Cibodas, Kabupaten Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat, mulai bulan Januari sampai Desember2007. Sampel tanah dikoleksi dari daerah berbeda di Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahuipengaruh kompos yang diperkaya dengan bakteri pelarut fosfat (phosphate solubilizing bacteria=PSB) terhadappertumbuhan tanaman kapri dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acakkelompok dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Varietas kapri yang digunakan ialah varietas lokal. Perlakuanterdiri atas (A) tanpa pupuk, (B) pupuk anorganik (TSP+KCl+Urea), (C) kotoran ayam + sekam, (D) kompos, dan(E) kompos plus, yaitu kompos yang diberi campuran bakteri, yaitu bakteri penambat nitrogen simbiotik, bakteripenambat nitrogen nonsimbiotik, dan bakteri pelarut fosfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran bakteriyang diisolasi dari tanah gambut di Kalimantan Barat yang terkandung dalam kompos plus dapat beradaptasi denganbaik pada lahan di lokasi penelitian. Populasi total SNFB, NSNFB, dan PSB meningkat masing-masing menjadi 9,15x 108, 9,34 x 108, dan 9,35 x 108 sel/g tanah. Keberadaan campuran bakteri tersebut mampu meningkatkan aktivitasenzim fosfatase asam dan basa di dalam tanah. Peningkatan tertinggi aktivitas enzim fosfomonoesterase asam danbasa dicapai pada perlakuan kompos plus. Perlakuan tersebut juga meningkatkan berat buah kapri dibandingkandengan kontrol (75,32 %), perlakuan pupuk kimia (45,48%), kotoran ayam + sekam ( 31,19 %), dan kompos (15,60%). Pemanfaatan campuran bakteri pelarut fosfat tersebut dalam kompos diharapkan dapat digunakan secara meluasdalam pembudidayaan kapri dalam sistem organic farming (OF), sehingga berperan dalam peningkatan produksi dansekaligus menekan penggunaan pupuk anorganik.ABSTRACT. Widawati, S., Suliasih, and A. Muharam. 2010. The Effect of Compost Enriched with SymbioticNitrogen Fixing and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Growth of Peas and the Activity of PhosphataseEnzymes in the Soil. The use of organic materials on cultivation of vegetable crops has some advantages, especiallyfor maintaining suitable soil conditions and decreasing the utilization of inorganic fertilizers. The research wascarried out at Cidawu Village, Cibodas (1,250 m asl.), Cianjur, West Java, from January to December 2007. Soilsamples were collected from some different areas in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The research was aimed todetermine the effect of compost enriched with mixed phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the growth of peasand on the activity of phosphatase enzymes in the soil. A randomized block design with five treatments and threereplications was used in the experiment. A local variety of peas was utilized in the experiment. The treatments werethe addition of fertilizers consisted of (A) without any fertilizer, (B) with inorganic fertilizers i.e. TSP+KCl+Urea,(C) with chicken dung + rice husk, (D) with compost, and (E) with compost plus (compost enriched with symbioticnitrogen fixing bacteria/SNFB, nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria/NSNFB, and PSB). The results showed thatthe mixed bacteria isolated from peat soil in West Kalimantan in the compost plus (treatment E) properly adaptedin soil conditions at the site of the experiment. The total populations of SNFB, NSNFB, and PSB were increased upto 9.15 x 108, 9.34 x 108, and 9.35 x 108 cell/g soil, respectively. The occurrence of the mixed bacteria increased theactivity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil. The highest activities of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesteraseenzymes in the soil achieved by the treatment of compost plus. The treatment increased the fresh weight of peascompared to control (75.32 %), to the chemical fertilizers (45.48%), to chicken dung+rice husk ( 31.19 %), and tocompost (15.60 %). The widely application of the mixed PSB in compost is hopefully established in cultivation ofpeas in the organic farming (OF) system, then it will confidently support on the increase of peas production, and thedecrease of inorganic fertilizers as well.
Aplikasi Pupuk Organik dan Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat dan Aktivitas Mikroba Tanah Suliasih Suliasih; S Widawati; Agus Muharam
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 20, No 3 (2010): September 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v20n3.2010.p%p

Abstract

ABSTRAK. Pemanfaatan bahan organik untuk budidaya tomat dewasa ini difokuskan untuk menekan penggunaanbahan kimia yang berlebihan, sehingga kerusakan lingkungan dapat diminimalkan. Percobaan dilaksanakan di DesaCidawu, Cibodas, Cianjur (1.250 m dpl.), sejak Januari sampai Desember 2007. Pupuk organik yang digunakanyaitu kompos dan kotoran ayam + sekam, sedangkan pupuk hayati yaitu bakteri pelarut fosfat (phosphatesolubilizing bacteria = PSB). Tujuan percobaan adalah mendapatkan inokulan yang efektif untuk meningkatkanpertumbuhan dan hasil tomat, serta menstimulasi aktivitas mikroba dan enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Percobaanmenggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan, yaitu tanpa pemupukan maupun inokulan (K),pemberian inokulan PSB (P1), pemberian kompos (P2), pemberian kotoran ayam+sekam (P3), dan pemberianpupuk kimia NPK (P4), masing-masing dengan tiga kali ulangan. Varietas tomat yang digunakan adalah Gondol.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk organik atau inokulan PSB dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhantanaman tomat dan hasil buahnya, serta populasi PSB dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase di dalam tanah. Pemberianinokulan PSB menghasilkan peubah tinggi tanaman tomat tertinggi (108,3 cm) dibandingkan dengan kontrol (72,3cm), dan meningkatkan hasil buah sebanyak 88,2% dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dan juga lebih tinggi daripadapemberian pupuk kimia NPK. Peningkatan tertinggi populasi PSB dan aktivitas enzim fosfatase asam serta basadalam tanah setelah panen tomat juga diperoleh dari pemberian inokulan PSB dibandingkan dengan perlakuanlain. Implementasi inokulan PSB dan pupuk organik secara meluas dalam pembudidayaan tomat diharapkandapat mendorong peningkatan produksi, produktivitas, dan mutu buah tomat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar.ABSTRACT. Suliasih, S. Widawati, and A. Muharam. 2010. The Application of Organic Fertilizers andPhosphate Solubilizing Bacteria to Increase the Growth of Tomato and Soil Microbial Activities. The use oforganic matters on tomato cultivation is focused to decrease the utilization of chemical substances for minimizingenvironmental degradation. An experiment was conducted at Cidawu Village, Cibodas, Cianjur (1,250 m asl.) todetermine the suitable and effective inoculant to increase the growth of tomato plants, and also to stimulate soil microbialactivities. The tomato variety used was Gondol. The organic fertilizers were compost, chicken dung plus rice husk,and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), as a biofertilizer. A randomized block design with three replications wasutilized in this experiment. The treatments consisted of without organic fertilizers or PSB (control) (K), inoculationof PSB (P1), application of compost (P2), (4) application of chicken dung plus rice husk (P3), and application of thechemical fertilizer (NPK) (P4). The results showed that the application of organic fertilizers and PSB increased thegrowth of tomato plants and also PSB population, acid, and alkaline phosphatase activities in the soil after harvesting.The inoculation of PSB resulted in heighest plant height (108.3 cm) compared to control (72.3 cm) and also thehighest tomato yield compared to the control treatment (88.2%), and even it was higher than the yield caused by theapplication of the chemical fertilizer. The highest increase of PSB population and the activities of acid and alkalinephosphatase enzymes in soil after harvesting was also caused by the application of the PSB inoculant compared to theother treatments. The applications of organic fertilizers and PSB for wide scale cultivation of tomato expectantly playan important role for increasing production, productivity, and quality of tomato to fulfill market demand for the product.