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Electric Delta Trike Stability Characteristic and Maneuverability Analysis: Experiment and Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio; Robby Dwianto Widyantara; Bentang Arief Budiman; Rakshidatu Lestaluhu; Djati Wibowo Djamari; Farid Triawan; Muhammad Aziz
Automotive Experiences Vol. 5 No. 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.7070

Abstract

This paper reveals the stability characteristics of an electric-powered delta trike (e-trike), which is developed for goods delivery services. The changeable center of gravity position and weight due to electric component placement and the carried good weight can cause instability of the e-trike. Three main parameters are firstly evaluated on the e-trike: 1) geometry, 2) center of gravity, and 3) stiffness and damping coefficient of the suspensions. Single Lane-Change (SLC) and Double Lane-Change (DLC) tests were then conducted following ISO 14791:2000 and ISO 3888-1:2018 standards, respectively. An e-trike model was created and simulated using SIMPACK, a multi-body dynamic software. The simulation results showed that the developed e-trike model can replicate SLC and DLC tests, indicating the model was valid. A parametric study with the validated model was then conducted with various e-trike weights, center of gravity position, and suspension stiffness and damping ratio values. The results showed additional weight and higher center of gravity position can decrease threshold velocity to avoid rollover. The low suspension stiffness also contributed to lower the threshold velocity. However, the damping coefficient value did not change the threshold velocity significantly. These results can be a guideline in designing a delta trike with better performance in stability and maneuverability.
Development of Battery Pack for Electric Motorcycle Complying with Safety Standard and Indonesia Regulation Robby Dwianto Widyantara; Dito Ata'ul Momin Wicaksono; Syafiq Ade Priyatama; Andika Pandu Nugroho; Raihan Wiradibrata; Anggi Regiana Agustin; Lei Tianqi; Agung Wibowo; Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio; Bentang Arief Budiman
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.13442

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive design methodology and mechanical evaluation of an electric motorcycle battery pack that fulfills both international safety standards and Indonesian regulations. As the country with the world’s largest motorcycle fleet, Indonesia faces significant challenges in transitioning to electric mobility—particularly in preventing battery malfunctions and mitigating accident risks. The design process begins by defining minimum technical requirements, ensuring regulatory compliance, and addressing geometric constraints, then proceed with the development of component architectures in accordance with industry best practices. Detailed models of the pack and its subassemblies are subjected to finite element analysis to verify structural integrity under demanding operational conditions. Key performance targets include an IP68 ingress protection rating, sufficient rigidity to withstand vibrational loads, and impact resistance for accident scenarios. Simulation results confirm that the final design maintains mechanical robustness across a variety of load cases. Building on these findings, the paper offers specific recommendations to further enhance pack performance and safety. The described methodology is fully reproducible and provides practical insights for efficient product development, even when resources are limited.