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LEGALITAS INTERVENSI INTERNASIONAL BERDASARKAN PRINSIP RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT (R2P) Amanda Gita Pattisina; Freidelino P. R. A. de Sousa
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum: ALETHEA Vol 5 No 2 (2022): Jurnal Ilmu Hukum: ALETHEA
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24246/alethea.vol5.no2.p129-150

Diadaptasinya Responsibility to Protect (R2P) sebagai sebuah prinsip internasional pada UN World Summit 2005 menciptakan landasan baru bagi pemberlakuan intervensi internasional. R2P merupakan sebuah prinsip yang lahir dari adanya kekhawatiran akan kurangnya kesepahaman komunitas internasional tentang intervensi internasional yang kerap menghambat proses pengambilan keputusan, bahkan dalam situasi mendesak yang membutuhkan pengambilan tindakan sesegera mungkin. Membuka ruang bagi komunitas internasional untuk mengambil tindakan dalam bentuk intervensi internasional, tujuan utama prinsip R2P adalah memberikan perlindungan bagi penduduk sebuah negara dari atrocity crimes, yang mencakup kejahatan genosida, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, kejahatan perang, dan pembersihan etnis, saat negara tersebut gagal memberikan perlindungan terhadap penduduknya. Meskipun begitu, intervensi internasional, apapun alasannya, hingga saat ini masih menuai kontroversi karena dianggap menciderai kedaulatan sebuah negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menegaskan bahwa intervensi internasional merupakan sebuah bentuk pertanggungjawaban komunitas internasional dalam upaya melindungi dan menegakkan hak asasi manusia dan bukan merupakan pelanggaran terhadap kedaulatan sebuah negara.

Mahkamah Konstitusi Setengah-Hati: Final tetapi Tidak Mengikat dalam Kewenangan Pengujian Konstitusional Kishan, Marcelino Ceasar; Rauta, Umbu; Alves de Sousa, Freidelino Paixao Ramos
Widya Yuridika Vol 7, No 1 (2024): Widya Yuridika: Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Universitas Widya Gama Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31328/wy.v7i1.4678

This article aims to discuss the bindingness of constitutional review decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (MKRI). In particular, this article looks at the relevance between the grand design of the nature of the MKRI decision in Article 24C paragraph (1) The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945) with the practice of constitution disobedience. Based on that issue, this article argues that the MKRI is designed not to have a final and binding decision, but only final decisions. Because based on the Supremacy-of-Text Principle which is coherent with the concept of applying law based on regulations in the Rule of Law, the non-appreance of binding phrases in Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 UUD NRI 1945 makes the decision of the Constitutional Court in the authority of constitutional review has no binding legal force. Grammatical argumentation comes from interpretation with original meaning and textualism methods which find that the word final does not mean binding due the two words stand separately. By drawing on the concepts of strong-form judicial review and weak-form judicial review, the non-binding nature of MKRI decisions can legitimize the disagreement. Because the indecisivenesss of the Constitution establish a half-hearted form of MKRI, namely the partial weak-form judicial review. Thus, the form of MKRI is a strong and weak-form judicial review that makes MKRI decisions can be opposed. This article uses normative research methods with conceptual approach, statutory approach, and comparative approach.

Mekanisme Self Report Perpres No. 57 Tahun 2023 dengan Kewajiban Negara Memenuhi Hak Bekerja Irgiansyah, Krisna; Sella Rahma Maulida; Freidelino P. R. A. de Sousa
Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum Vol. 11 No. 2 (2024): JURNAL ILMIAH PENEGAKAN HUKUM DESEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Medan Area

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31289/jiph.v11i2.12796

The objective of this article is to examine the relationship between the right of citizens to employment and the state's obligation to fulfil that right. In this context, it is necessary to consider the role of the state as an active agent in ensuring the realisation of this right. Furthermore, it seeks to justify the incompatibility of implementing the self-report mechanism in relation to the state's obligation to fulfil citizens' right to employment. The issue can be defined as a conceptual inaccuracy in the implementation of a theoretical framework for the fulfilment of human rights. This theoretical framework should, in theory, oblige the state to fulfil the rights of every citizen as set out in the constitution. Nevertheless, the state appears to be abdicating its responsibilities by delegating them to employers. This article employs a normative juridical approach with a statutory methodology. Data are collected through literature studies that are pertinent and current, and which inform the qualitative analysis of the material to be reviewed. This study finds that the self-report mechanism set forth in Article 4, paragraph (2) of Presidential Regulation No. 57 of 2023 is incompatible with the state's obligation to fulfill the right to work. This is because the mechanism makes the state passive in carrying out its obligations. It is incumbent upon the government to take proactive measures to fulfil its obligations regarding citizens' rights to employment, as enshrined in Article 27, paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution and Article 38, paragraph (1) of Law No. 39 of 1999.

PEMASANGAN ALAT PERAGA KAMPANYE TANPA SEIZIN PEMILIK TEMPAT Hutapea, Brahmantya Putra; Simandjuntak, Jeremia Putra Ferliano; Sousa, Freidelino P.R.A. de
The Juris Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024): JURNAL ILMU HUKUM : THE JURIS
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat STIH Awang Long

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56301/juris.v8i2.1291

The Campaigns as a part of the stages of elections, are regulated by KPU Regulation Number 23 of 2018 concerning General Election Campaigns. However, the implementation of the campaign carried out by the campaign participants, was not in line with the provisions of campaigns, one of which was the installation of campaign props without the permission of the owner of the place. Campaign props that are part of the election should also be supervised by the KPU. If the installation of campaign props does not follow the provisions and then no action is taken by the KPU to issue a decision, then for this act of silence, the KPU is deemed to have issued a decision that is the same as a written State Administrative Decree containing a rejection which is referred to as a negative or fictitious negative decision. These violations can be resolved through Bawaslu as an institution that is given authority by-laws, one of which is to receive, examine, review, and decide on administrative election violations. Apart from that, when the process in Bawaslu still did not result solution, the process can be resolved by the PTUN.

DISHARMONI PENGATURAN TENTANG MODAL DALAM PERATURAN DAERAH KOTA SALATIGA NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG PDAM Gerryn Mauretha Indrawan; Freidelino P.R.A de Sousa
YUSTISI Vol 11 No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32832/yustisi.v11i2.16696

Penelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai disharmony of regulations yang terdapat dalam Peraturan Daerah Kota Salatiga Nomor 6 Tahun 2020 Tentang Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 54 Tahun 2017 Tentang Badan Usaha Milik Daerah terkait pengaturan syarat modal dasar. Peraturan Daerah sebagai inferior lex tidak mengatur tentang syarat modal dasar untuk BUMD dimana hal tersebut disyaratkan oleh lex superior yaitu PP Nomor 54 Tahun 2017. Dalam legisprudence suatu aturan pelaksana (secondary legislation) yang materi muatannya telah diperintahkan oleh primary legislation harus diatur seturut yang diperintahkan dan tidak dimungkinkan untuk ditambahkan atau dihapus untuk sebagian atau seluruhnya. Metode penelitian yaitu metode penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa: pertama, Perda yang berisi norma pelaksana (delegated legislation) tidak dapat menghapus untuk sebagian atau seluruhnya norma yang diperintahkan melalui peraturan yang lebih tinggi. Kedua, Perda Kota Salatiga tentang PDAM yang tidak mengatur tentang syarat modal dasar dalam BUMD bertentangan dengan PP Nomor 54 Tahun 2017. Ketiga, sebagai rekomendasi agar disharmoni norma ini tidak terus berjalan maka usulan perubahan Perda perlu dilakukan berdasarkan teknik perubahan peraturaan perundang-undangan yang diatur dalam UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Kata Kunci: Disharmoni Peraturan, Delegated Legislation, Perubahan Perda

Regulating the Sea from the Shore: The Silent Clash between Indonesia’s Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 and UNCLOS Freidelino P.R.A. de Sousa
KRTHA BHAYANGKARA Vol. 20 No. 1 (2026): KRTHA BHAYANGKARA: APRIL 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31599/krtha.v20i1.5170

This article critically repositions the precautionary principle and due diligence obligations as foundational norms in the international law of the sea that should have been operationalized in Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023, enacted as an implementing instrument of Article 56 of Law No. 32 of 2014 on Maritime Affairs. It interrogates the regulation’s underlying that whether the Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 can be normatively harmonized with UNCLOS to ensure compliance with the precautionary principle and due diligence obligations in regulating coastal and marine spaces? In light of the legal policy of it, which reflects a utilitarian–economic rationality that legitimizes marine sediment exploitation through administrative licensing, this study argues against this such approach, primarily such regulatory logic departs from the normative architecture of UNCLOS 1982, which embeds precaution and environmental stewardship as core constraints on the exercise of sovereign rights over maritime areas. The analysis demonstrates that Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 represents a substantive normative shift, distancing Indonesia’s coastal governance framework from both its domestic maritime legislation and its international legal commitments. This article advances the argument that a structural realignment of the regulation’s substantive content is imperative to reintegrate precaution and due diligence as binding regulatory standards. Normative harmonization is thus essential to prevent systemic incoherence between national regulatory practice and the international law of the sea.

Non-compliance with Constitutional Court Decisions as an Act of Contempt of Court: Ketidakpatuhan Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Sebagai Suatu Perbuatan Contempt of Court Freidelino de Sousa
Indonesian State Law Review (ISLRev) Vol. 4 No. 2 (2022): Indonesian State Law Review, 2022
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/islrev.v4i2.23089

As one of the institution that holding the judicial power according to article 24 and 24C in Constitution of Republic of Indonesia, Constitucional Court is enforcing the law and justice through its decisions. By Its decisions, the expectation is all the legal issues in constitucional field could be resolved. Disobeying of Constitucional Courts orders is categorized as contempt of Constitucional Court as judicative branch. Disobeying of constitucional courts order principally is a contempt of court, where it could be punished according to article 216 (1) Indonesian Penal Code.

HAM Sebagai Superior Norms Dalam Pembatasan Hak Veto Anggota Tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB Freidelino P.R.A. de Sousa; Rima Saputri
Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL ILMIAH PENEGAKAN HUKUM JUNI
Publisher : Universitas Medan Area

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31289/jiph.v13i1.14150

This study aims to provide a normative justification for limiting the use of the veto power by the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council based on human rights as superior norms in international law. The veto power, as enshrined in Article 27(3) of the UN Charter, grants privileged authority to The Five permanent members to block draft Security Council resolutions. In practice, this power has been exercised to reject resolutions that even seek to address the protection of human rights. The absence of clear normative constraints on the exercise of the veto has consequently generated fundamental legal tensions when such authority conflicts with the protection of human rights. Accordingly, this study advances the argument that human rights norms, as hierarchically superior norms within international law, must operate as a normative basis for restricting the legitimacy of veto usage in the practice of the Security Council. This research adopts a normative legal methodology employing a conceptual approach, examining the relevant legal concepts of human rights and veto power within the framework of international law.

Prinsip Non-Diskriminatif dalam Persyaratan Kampanye Pemilihan Umum bagi Pejabat Negara Rima Saputri; Dimas Adhila Putra; Freidelino Paixao Ramos Alves de Sousa
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 7 No. 3 (2024): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v7i2.9260

The purpose of this research is to provide justification that the campaign requirements for state officials as stipulated in Article 281 of the Election Law do not conflict with the principle of non-discrimination with the urgency of research that has the potential to produce injustice in the implementation of elections, namely the restriction of campaign participation by state officials so that it can affect the integrity of the electoral process or the political rights of citizens. The first requirement is not to use state facilities except security facilities and the second requirement is to leave outside state dependence. These requirements only apply to state officials. This seems to show that the political rights possessed by every citizen are different. The nature of the campaign as a form of realization of citizens' political rights in participating in government should be owned by every citizen with the same opportunity. The research method used is a research with a legal approach, conceptual approach, case approach, and comparative approach. The novelty of this research is that it is the first time to review the norms of campaign requirements for state officials that are relevant to the principle of non-discrimination. The results show that the campaign requirements for state officials do not violate the non-discriminatory principle. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan justifikasi bahwa persyaratan kampanye bagi pejabat negara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 281 UU Pemilu tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip non-diskriminatif dengan urgensi penelitian yang berpotensi menghasilkan ketidakadilan penyelenggaraan pemilu yaitu adanya pembatasan keikutsertaan kampanye oleh pejabat negara sehingga dapat mempengaruhi integritas proses pemilu atau hak-hak politik warga negara. Syarat pertama adalah tidak menggunakan fasilitas negara kecuali fasilitas pengamanan dan syarat kedua adalah cuti di luar tanggungan negara. Persyaratan-persyaratan tersebut hanya diberlakukan bagi pejabat negara. Hal ini seolah menunjukkan bahwa hak politik yang dimiliki oleh setiap warga negara berbeda. Hakikat kampanye sebagai salah satu bentuk perwujudan hak politik warga negara dalam berpartisipasi dalam pemerintahan hendaknya dimiliki oleh setiap warga negara dengan kesempatan yang sama. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian dengan pendekatan undang-undang, pendekatan konseptual, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan komparatif. Kebaharuan penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama kali yang meninjau norma persyaratan kampanye bagi pejabat negara yang direlevansikan dengan prinsip non-diskriminatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persyaratan kampanye bagi pejabat negara tidak melanggar prinsip non-diskriminatif.

The Implementation of Equidistance Line on Maritime Delimitation between Indonesia-Australia in Perth Treaty 1997 Elsha Renata Sukma; Rinindia Kusumaningarum; Freidelino Paixao Ramos Alves de Sousa
Jurnal Ius Constituendum Vol. 9 No. 3 (2024): OCTOBER
Publisher : Magister Hukum Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/jic.v9i3.10329

This article proposes some suggestions to the government in renegotiating the Perth Treaty to provide a solution for a definitive maritime boundary between Indonesia and Australia. Renegotiation of the Perth Treaty in terms of maritime delimitation between the two countries needs to be done in relation to the limitation of sovereignty of both countries. This treaty has never been ratified by both countries after the signing in 1998. The fundamental reason of Australia is associated with the independence of Timor-Leste in 1999 so that the rebus sic stantibus principle then applies. This research employed legal method to provide recommendations to the government as a basis for renegotiating the Perth Treaty according to international law. It also used a statutory and case approach. There are underlying reasons for the urgency of renegotiating the Perth Treaty using the median line with an equidistance line approach. The median line in UNCLOS 1982 has proven to provide progressive results regarding the maritime delimitation of countries. However the decisions of the International Court of Justice, resulted in various side effects with the use of the median line as a single effort to resolve maritime delimitation disputes. Therefore, a new solution is proposed, namely the median line with an equidistance line approach as the most effective method to create justice for each party. The equidistance line in international law serves as a legal resolution method, emerging from customary practices. It is recognized as new customary law for resolving maritime delimitation disputes between countries. Harmonisation of the median line concept using the equidistance line approach in resolving maritime delimitation disputes between Indonesia and Australia is a new approach that can be used based on the successful harmonisation of these two concepts in resolving delimitation disputes globally.

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