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All Journal PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL FISIKA (E-JOURNAL) International Journal of Applied Mathematics, Sciences, and Technology for National Defense Indonesian Journal of Emerging Trends in Community Empowerment
Adhi Kusumadjati
Indonesia Defense University
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Computer Science & IT Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Library & Information Science Mathematics Physics Other

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Model-prototype based flight test: Bringing flight control engineering to life for a reusable rocket with flightgear Aditya Tri Oktaviana; Mochammad Ibnu Alwan; Adhi Kusumadjati; Mikael Syväjärvi
International Journal of Applied Mathematics, Sciences, and Technology for National Defense Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): International Journal of Applied Mathematics, Sciences, and Technology for Nati
Publisher : FoundAE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58524/app.sci.def.v4i1.1128

Abstract

ackground: Reusable rocket technology has gained significant attention due to its potential to reduce launch costs, development time, and environmental impact. However, conventional development and flight testing of reusable rockets require substantial financial resources and carry high risks of material loss, particularly during early-stage experimentation and in resource-constrained research or defense education environments. Aims: This study proposes a low-cost and accessible approach for reusable rocket development through a Model–Prototype Based Flight Test (MPBFT) method. The aim is to integrate mathematical flight control modeling, prototype-level implementation, and real-time three-dimensional visualization into a single co-simulation framework that enables virtual flight testing without physical launch, specifically for reusable rocket descent and landing maneuvers. Method: The MPBFT framework integrates a dynamic model of the reusable rocket developed in MATLAB/Simulink based on rigid-body flight dynamics, with explicit mathematical formulations including governing differential equations, state-space representation, and closed-loop transfer function. A derivative-based proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller was designed to regulate the rocket's pitch attitude. Real-time 3D visualization was achieved through co-simulation with FlightGear via UDP communication at 50 Hz. Controller gains were tuned iteratively (Kp=12.5, Ki=0.08, Kd=5.2), and robustness was assessed under parameter perturbations (+20% moment of inertia, +15% damping, step disturbance). Results: Simulation results demonstrated stable closed-loop attitude control with the following quantitative metrics: 8.2% maximum overshoot, 3.87 s settling time (±2%), 0.014° steady-state error, damping ratio of 0.62, integral absolute error of 8.42°·s, and control effort (RMS) of 3.21 N·m. Robustness analysis confirmed that all perturbed configurations remained stable and within acceptable thresholds (overshoot <15%, settling time <6 s, steady-state error <0.1°). The co-simulation successfully provided synchronized real-time 3D visualization of rocket pitch motion during descent. Conclusion: The MPBFT framework is an effective and economical alternative for reusable rocket flight control testing, particularly suitable for research, defense aerospace education, and resource-constrained environments. Future work will extend the framework to multi-axis 6-degree-of-freedom dynamics, hardware-in-the-loop simulation, actuator and sensor modeling, and physical subscale flight validation to further enhance fidelity and applicability for advanced reusable rocket control system development.
Co-Authors A. Handjoko Permana Abdul Rahman Alfarasyi Aditya Tri Oktaviana Agung Hirawan Agya Sewara Alam Andrew Imada Samosir Annisa Mutiara Putri Abdul Cornelia Victoria Anghel Dahlan, Iqbal Ahmad Dinda Rahma Dewi Diyan Parwatiningtyas Ence Darmo Jaya Supena Endah Kinarya Palupi Gustav Irgi Aldhiantoro Gustav Irgi Aldhiantoro Hayatul Khairul Rahmat I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana Irma Sianipar Jofim Yordaniel Napitupulu Jofim Yordaniel Napitupulu Korhan Cengiz Kuntjoro Pinardi M. Hisni Alfan Baarik Miftahul Huda Fendiyanto Mikael Syväjärvi Mo Awwanah Mochamad Ibnu Alwan Mochammad Ibnu Alwan Moh. Hisni Alfan Baarik Muhamad Syazali Muhammad Rey Renoult Muthi’ah Alfiyah Yamin Rahmat Basuki Ramandasoavina Blanchard Riri Murniati Roni Setiawan Sony Wardoyo Teti Nurhayatul Rahmi Yetti Supriyati