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All Journal Student Journal of International Law Student Journal of International Law Jurnal Rekayasa elektrika
Rauzatul Jannah
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Religion Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTINCTION PRINCIPLE CONCERNING THE USE OF ARMED DRONES BY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Rauzatul Jannah; Sophia Listriani
Student Journal of International Law Vol 1, No 2: December 2021
Publisher : Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (478.011 KB) | DOI: 10.24815/sjil.v1i2.19279

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal problem regarding implementing the distinction principle related to drones as military weapons by the United States of America (USA) based on international humanitarian law. The method used in this research is normative legal research. The results show that implementing the distinction principle when the United States of America uses drones as military weapons is not correctly implemented, as international humanitarian law requires. It can be seen from the number of civilian casualties who fell during drone attacks and the destruction of civilian objects. So the USA has been violated the distinction principle of international humanitarian law, so legal liability must be pursued under the international justice system. Also, other states have to follow the principle when using to conform to international requirements, commit to solid criteria for disclosure, monitoring, and accountability, and release regular updates on drone strikes and casualties. Keywords: Distinction principle; International Humanitarian Law; Drones as military Weapon; United States of America
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTINCTION PRINCIPLE CONCERNING THE USE OF ARMED DRONES BY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Rauzatul Jannah; Sophia Listriani
Student Journal of International Law Vol 1, No 2: December 2021
Publisher : Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/sjil.v1i2.19279

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal problem regarding implementing the distinction principle related to drones as military weapons by the United States of America (USA) based on international humanitarian law. The method used in this research is normative legal research. The results show that implementing the distinction principle when the United States of America uses drones as military weapons is not correctly implemented, as international humanitarian law requires. It can be seen from the number of civilian casualties who fell during drone attacks and the destruction of civilian objects. So the USA has been violated the distinction principle of international humanitarian law, so legal liability must be pursued under the international justice system. Also, other states have to follow the principle when using to conform to international requirements, commit to solid criteria for disclosure, monitoring, and accountability, and release regular updates on drone strikes and casualties. Keywords: Distinction principle; International Humanitarian Law; Drones as military Weapon; United States of America
Energy-Proportional Modelling of a Dual-Axis Sun Tracker Controller Based on ANFIS Rauzatul Jannah; Yuwaldi Away; Roslidar Roslidar
Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika Vol. 22 No. 2 (2026): Vol. 22, No. 2, June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Syiah Kuala

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The Sun tracker consists of two energy types: proportional energy and operational energy. Proportional energy refers to the clean energy stored in the battery, while operational energy is used to support the mechanical performance of the sun tracking system. One of the main challenges in such systems is the high operational energy consumption, which can reduce the overall system efficiency. This study aims to develop a model to predict the proportional energy resulting from a dual-axis sun-tracker controller by implementing the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The method comprises analyzing the performance of the dual-axis sun tracker system and modeling the ANFIS. The performance of the dual-axis was investigated by observing the limitation of servo motor movement based on the difference in LDR sensor readings using threshold values of 50, 100, and 150. The ANFIS modeling was conducted by testing 24 configurations of membership functions to determine the most optimal structure. The results of the threshold value analysis show that a threshold value of 100 provides the best efficiency in generating proportional movement and energy. While modeling the ANFIS, the highest proportional energy was obtained using the Generalized Bell (belief) membership function type with a 9×9 configuration, yielding the lowest error value of 0.011692. Model validation using external test data showed an RMSE of 0.1128 and an MSE of 0.0127, indicating high predictive accuracy and good generalization capability. Implementing ANFIS control on the analyzed dual-axis PV system demonstrated an average increase in the proportional energy efficiency of 3%, from 90% to 93%. The findings indicate the effectiveness of ANFIS in enhancing the performance of the sun tracking system by adaptively adjusting to variations in light intensity.
Co-Authors . Roslidar Sophia Listriani Yuwaldi Away