Articles
<![CDATA[The UN Security Council and Climate Change: From ‘Cold War’ to ‘Warming War’ ]]>
<![CDATA[Mulyana, Imam]]>
<![CDATA[ Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol 3, No 2 (2019): PJIL VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2, JUNE 2019 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Padjadjaran Journal of International Law ]]>
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<![CDATA[AbstractThe impacts of climate change around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate change issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate change and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of the UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate change issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism widen possible measures in enforcing climate change?s issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international law, it still suggests that UNSC mechanism shall only be used as a last resort after the other enforcement mechanisms are exhausted.Keywords: climate change, threat to international peace and security, UN Security Council. AbstrakDampak perubahan iklim di berbagai belahan dunia telah menjadi perhatian negara-negara tidak saja di tingkat nasional tetapi juga di tingkat internasional. Upaya untuk menanggulangi dampak dari perubahan iklim melalui sejumlah kerja sama internasional telah secara luas dilakukan namun belum mampu mencegah penyebab dan menghentikan dampak dari perubahan iklim tersebut. Dengan demikian, penentuan mekanisme penegakan hukum yang paling tepat dalam memeriksa kasus perubahan ilklim ini merupakan hal yang penting. Tulisan ini dimulai dengan penjelasan fenomena perubahan iklim dan hubungannya dengan isu keamanan. Pertama-tama artikel ini membahas ruang lingkup dari perubahan iklim dan kewenangan Dewan Keamanan (DK) PBB. Oleh karena itu, sebagai upaya untuk mencari cara lain dalam penanggulanan dampak dari perubahan iklim, sangatlah penting untuk memahami serangkaian otoritas yang dimiliki DK PBB. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa mekanisme DKPBB ternyata menunjukan kemungkinan yang lebih luas dalam hal penerapan sanksi yang lebih memaksa dan lebih mengikat dibanding mekanisme lain yang telah ada saat ini sebagai mekanisme untuk menanggulangi perubahan iklim. Meskipun tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa Dewan Keamanan PBB mempunyai kewenangan hukum untuk mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim, akan tetapi mekanisme internasional yang lain diluar mekanisme Dewan Keamanan PBB harus tetap menjadi prioritas dan dijalankan terlebih dahulu.Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, ancaman terhadap perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, Dewan Keamanan PBB.]]>
<![CDATA[THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND CLIMATE CHANGE: FROM ‘COLD WAR’ TO ‘WARMING WAR’ ]]>
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2019 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran ]]>
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DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v3i2.317
<![CDATA[AbstractThe impacts of climate changes around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate changes issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate changes and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate changes issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism provides widen possible measures in enforcing climate change’s issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international law, it still suggests that UNSC mechanism shall only be used as a last resort after the other enforcement mechanisms are exhausted. Keywords: Climate Change, Threat to International Peace and Security, UN Charter, UN Security Council AbstrakDampak perubahan iklim di berbagai belahan dunia telah menjadi perhatian negara-negara tidak saja di tingkat nasional tetapi juga di tingkat internasional. Upaya untuk menanggulangi dampak dari perubahan iklim melalui sejumlah kerja sama internasional telah secara luas dilakukan namun belum mampu mencegah penyebab dan menghentikan dampak dari perubahan iklim tersebut. Dengan demikian, penentuan mekanisme penegakan hukum yang paling tepat dalam memeriksa kasus perubahan ilklim ini merupakan hal yang penting. Tulisan ini dimulai dengan penjelasan fenomena perubahan iklim dan hubungannya dengan isu keamanan. Pertama-tama artikel ini membahas ruang lingkup dari perubahan iklim dan kewenangan Dewan Keamanan (DK) PBB. Oleh karena itu, sebagai upaya untuk mencari cara lain dalam penanggulanan dampak dari perubahan iklim, sangatlah penting untuk memahami serangkaian otoritas yang dimiliki DK PBB. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa mekanisme DK PBB ternyata menunjukan kemungkinan yang lebih luas dalam hal penerapan sanksi yang lebih memaksa dan lebih mengikat dibanding mekanisme lain yang telah ada saat ini sebagai mekanisme untuk menanggulangi perubahan iklim. Meskipun tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa Dewan Keamanan PBB mempunyai kewenangan hukum untuk mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim, akan tetapi mekanisme internasional yang lain diluar mekanisme Dewan Keamanan PBB harus tetap menjadi prioritas dan dijalankan terlebih dahulu.Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan PBB, Piagam PBB, Perubahan iklim, Ancaman terhadap Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional.]]>
<![CDATA[Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional ]]>
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol 3, No 2 (2015) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta ]]>
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DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2317
<![CDATA[Abstract: International law has stipulated a number of mechanisms in order to resolve the dispute between the countries. International dispute settlement mechanisms are required to use peaceful means as the main approach. However, if peaceful means can not resolve a dispute, it can also be used enforcementaction by the UN Security Council, particularly if potentially threatens peace and international security. The UN Charter also regulates the role of regional organizations, including when regional organizations intend to play a role related with maintenance of international peace and security. Although in practice today of regional organizations has been actively engaged in the maintenance of international peace and security, but international regulations regarding this activity has not been clearly settle, particularly in terms of scale and responsibility mechanism. Abstrak: Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional. Hukum internasional telah mengatur sejumlah mekanisme dalam rangka menyelesaiakan sengketa yang terjadi antara negara-negara di dunia. Mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa internasional diharuskan menggunakan cara-cara damai sebagai pendekatan utama. Meskipun demikian apabila cara-cara damai tidak dapat menyelesaikan suatu sengketa, maka dapat pula digunakan cara-cara kekerasan oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB, terutama apabila mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Piagam PBB juga mengatur mengenai peran Organisasi Regional termasuk apabila Organisasi Regional bermaksud berperan dalam melakukan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Meskipun pada praktiknya hari ini Organisasi Regional telah aktif melakukan kegiatan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, akan tetapi ketentuan internasional mengenai aktivitas ini belum secara jelas diatur, terutama dalam hal skala dan mekanisme pertangungjawabannya. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v2i2.2317]]>
<![CDATA[INDONESIA’S REGULATION AND POLICY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR: URGENCY TO PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN URBAN AREAS ]]>
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>;
<![CDATA[Achmad Gusman Siswandi]]>
<![CDATA[ Yustisia Vol 7, No 2: August 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret ]]>
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DOI: 10.20961/yustisia.v7i2.18732
<![CDATA[In recent years, efforts to promote sustainable energy through energy efficiency, renewable energy and use of new technologies are moving rapidly at national, regional, and international levels. The benefits generated from energy efficiency has prompted experts and governments to work together in implementing energy efficiency policies across all sectors of life. One of the focus areas in global energy efficiency policy is energy efficiency in urban areas. This article aims to provide an overview regarding the implementation of policy and regulation on energy efficiency in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas. The research finds that energy efficiency is one of the most effective ways to improve the competitiveness and capacity of cities in Indonesia. In addition, it could advocate the Indonesian Government in responding to global environmental issues, especially climate change.]]>
<![CDATA[The Development of International Law in the Field of Renewable Energy ]]>
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Hasanuddin Law Review VOLUME 2 ISSUE 1, APRIL 2016 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University ]]>
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DOI: 10.20956/halrev.v1i1.213
<![CDATA[Energy plays a pivotal role in ensuring economic growth, social equity and live-able environment. In this regard, the non-renewable or conventional source of energy such as oil, gas and coal continue to supply the energy demand throughout the world. Nevertheless, as the awareness of the international society towards the protection and preservation of the global environment is rapidly growing, the utilization of energy resources has been gradually shifted from the non-renewable to renewable ones. Observing the international developments in the field of energy, further international legal instruments is required to be able to regulate renewable energy activities undertaken by the countries today. Although there have been a number of rules in international law, but until recently, most of these regulations is still not legally binding. Moreover, to achieve world order that uses renewable energy, international law also had to resolve some fundamental issues, namely the issue of state sovereignty and energy security.]]>
<![CDATA[SECURING INDONESIA’S EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES THROUGH SOCIAL LICENSE TO OPERATE ]]>
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol. 6 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Volume 6 Nomor 1 September 2021 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran ]]>
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DOI: 10.23920/jbmh.v6i1.645
<![CDATA[Public participation is one of the important factors in the extractive industry, especially to ensure that the development of new mining projects can begin successfully. Social License to Operate (SLO) is a contemporary concept that rapidly develops and is widely known as a method for building relationships between mining companies and the communities surrounding the mining project. This article attempts to introduce the concept of SLO and provide an initial overview of the implementation of SLO in the extractive industry in Indonesia. In addition, this article also examines the relationship between SLO and another similar concept, namely Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA). This article finds that although SLO and IEA have differences, the similarities between the two concepts could potentially be unified to cope with the shortcomings mutually. After analysing the implementation of SLO in several mining projects in Indonesia and considering the issuance of Law no. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, this article argues that the existence of SLO could be utilized as an alternative method to strengthen the relationship between community and mining companies, improve the quality of participation, and reduce community resistance to the development of extractive industry projects in Indonesia.]]>
<![CDATA[ASYLUM SEEKERS IN A NON-IMMIGRANT STATE AND THE ABSENCE OF REGIONAL ASYLUM SEEKERS MECHANISM: A CASE STUDY OF ROHINGYA ASYLUM SEEKERS IN ACEH-INDONESIA AND ASEAN RESPONSE ]]>
<![CDATA[Dewansyah, Bilal]]>;
<![CDATA[Dramanda, Wicaksana]]>;
<![CDATA[Mulyana, Imam]]>
<![CDATA[ Indonesia Law Review Vol. 7, No. 3 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[UI Scholars Hub ]]>
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<![CDATA[The problem of asylum seekers has become a global humanitarian issue. Demands regarding the handling mechanisms based on the values of human rights is getting stronger voiced by the international community. In the Southeast Asian region, the number of ethnic Rohingya asylum seekers has increased and has started to demand settlement in non-immigrant countries like Indonesia. Although Indonesia does not have international obligations in handling asylum seekers, constitutionally, Indonesia has an obligation to guarantee the right of everyone to obtain asylum which has been included in the Constitution. In a global perspective, humanitarian issues in the handling of asylum seekers has begun to be driven towards the handling model based on regionalism. Therefore, ASEAN’s response to the issue of asylum seekers should start a discourse given the number of asylum seekers in Southeast Asia began to rise. This paper deals with the immigration policy on asylum seekers of Rohingya people in Aceh province of Indonesia who plight in 2015 “boat people crisis” with regionalism approach.]]>
<![CDATA[THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY OF WARSHIPS TO UNMANNED UNDERWATER VEHICLES (UUV) UNDER LAW OF THE SEA ]]>
<![CDATA[Naomi Catherine Felencia]]>;
<![CDATA[R. Achmad Gusman Catur Siswandi]]>;
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 6, Number 1, January 2022 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran ]]>
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DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v6i1.954
<![CDATA[Along with the times, there have been advances in marine technology which includes Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV). Some countries have started using UUVs for both commercial and military marine activities since UUVs have several advantages that ordinary ships do not have. However, the development and application of UUVs for marine purposes raises numerous problems since there isn’t clear regulation regarding UUV. Current legal instruments only explain the meaning of ship without classifying the type of ship itself. It raises a problem since it led to different interpretations between countries and the determination of legal rules for UUV. One incident related to UUV technology can be seen from the Bowditch incident where from this incident there are differences in interpretation on the classification of UUV between America and Tiongkok. Other incidents can also be seen from the entry of foreign UUVs into Indonesia waters for research purposes. From several incidents, there are main issues to the classification of UUVs which are connected to warships and their military activities. The classification of UUVs as merchant ships or warships is necessary considering that the rights of immunity owned by warships will affect the legal status of UUVs and their activities. Regulations that are still ambiguous will affect the Coastal State’s actions if there are foreign UUVs entering their sea areas, especially if the UUVs are used for military activities. Therefore, it is necessary to have clear regulations regarding UUVs including their classification and determine marine activities that allowed for the use of UUVs.]]>
<![CDATA[The Role of Paris Agreement in the Application of the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) Principle ]]>
<![CDATA[Puti Ayla Zafira Adriansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[R. A. Gusman Catur Siswandi]]>;
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 7, Number 1, January 2023 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran ]]>
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DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v7i1.1324
<![CDATA[The Paris Agreement is one of the climate change agreements that formed on the basis of voluntarycontributions and uses the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and RespectiveCapabilities (CBDR-RC) as the ground norm of its implementation. The principle allows state parties todetermine their own targets and efforts to reduce emissions on a national and global level. However, theprinciple poses a challenge to the Agreement because it could lead to non-compliance by the stateparties and reduce their ambition to achieve net-zero emission targets. In addition, the question arises asto how international law can encourage compliance with the CBDR-RC principle and what efforts aremade to achieve an effective implementation. This article provides an understanding of the role ofinternational law in accommodating the dynamics of the CBDR-RC principle in the context of climatechange. It also discusses the role of international law in the compliance process and its relation tocompliance mechanisms as an effort to encourage the implementation of CBDR-RC principle. The resultindicates that international law through the principle can encourage state parties to comply by filling thegap in the Agreement which is the soft rules. Therefore, a good compliance committee and rules thatconsist of an easy way for state parties to comply are needed to achieve an effective implementation ofthe principles.]]>
<![CDATA[The Rule of Attribution for Peacekeepers Post-Dutch Supreme Court’s Rulings on Mothers of Srebrenica in 2019: A Discourse on Presumptive v. Preventive Interpretation ]]>
<![CDATA[Evan Tobias]]>;
<![CDATA[Imam Mulyana]]>
<![CDATA[ PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 10, No 2 (2023): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran ]]>
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<![CDATA[Peacekeeping operations have become an integral component of the United Nations in promoting global peace and security. Yet, as demands increase to hold peacekeepers accountable for their misdeeds, the legal principle of attribution within the framework of the law of responsibility remains ambiguous and difficult to define. Hence, this study aims to contribute to the discourse on the attribution of the Peacekeepers' conduct, especially on the presumptive v. preventive interpretation of Article 7 Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations. Under the presumptive interpretation, the peacekeeper’s action is presumed to be attributed to the UN; however, attribution can be rebutted if Troop Contributing States (TCS) exercise control over the peacekeepers. In contrast, preventive interpretation argues that attribution must be determined by which entity, TCS or the UN, has the power to prevent the alleged conduct. This study analyzed how the Dutch Supreme Court’s rulings in 2019 approached the question of attribution toward the Dutch Battalion during the mission of UNPROFOR. The Supreme Court found that the action of the Dutch Battalion was attributable to the Netherlands since the Netherlands fulfills the elements of effective control as governed under Article 8 ARSIWA. Moreover, the Supreme Court rejected the preventive interpretation earlier endorsed in the Nuhanovic case. This study employed a normative juridical approach. This study argues that the Court’s rulings on presumptive interpretation are aligned with the practices of the UN’s peacekeepers and the intended purpose of Article 7 DARIO, which emphasizes attribution on factual consideration.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n2.a4]]>
