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All Journal International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Liew Hui Fang
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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The different approach for supercapacitor modelling in the perspective of self-discharge study Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Bin Abu Bakar; Muhammad Izuan Fahmi; Shamshul Bahar Yaakob; Liew Hui Fang; Muhammad Zaid Aihsan
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 28, No 2: November 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp663-673

Abstract

Supercapacitor is a relatively new type of electric component used to store energy compared to a battery. Supercapacitor charge and discharge cycle are faster compared to the battery along with higher power density which increase its application in recent years. However, supercapacitors have quite high self-discharge compared to batteries. This makes energy stored in supercapacitor decrease faster over time when not in use. Various study has been done towards the self-discharge behavior of SC which is both experimentally and in simulation. The simulation is done by various methods and models which have been proposed by previous researchers. Most of the methods that have been used were based on the Equivalent Circuit Model as it is the easiest method available. However, there is still another method proposed such as the Fractional-order model. This paper will review some of the methods and models used to study self-discharge behavior.
Design and implementation of a dual microcontroller-based smart headlight control system using a dynamic load adjustment mechanism Liew Hui Fang; Rosemizi Abd Rahim; Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Romli; A. A. M. Ezanuddin; Shamshul Bahar Yaakob
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) Vol 17, No 2: June 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1339-1354

Abstract

Conventional automotive headlamp systems operate using fixed illumination levels and manual beam levelling, limiting adaptability to dynamic driving conditions such as vehicle load variation, speed changes, and ambient light fluctuations. These static systems may result in reduced visibility, increased glare, and inefficient energy usage. This paper presents a dual microcontroller-based smart headlight control system incorporating a dynamic load adjustment mechanism for real-time regulation of beam intensity and angle. Unlike conventional single-controller configurations, the proposed architecture distributes control tasks between two dedicated microcontrollers to enhance modularity and processing stability. The first controller performs adaptive intensity regulation through speed-dependent low-beam dimming and LDR-based high-beam glare control, while the second controller enables automatic beam levelling using rear suspension load sensing to compensate for vehicle pitch variations. The system was validated through Proteus simulation and hardware prototyping. Experimental results demonstrate low-beam modulation at 30%, 80%, and 100% brightness levels, high-beam voltage control from 0.04 V to 1.82 V, and adaptive beam angle adjustments under varying load conditions. Approximately 90% simulation-to-hardware agreement confirms system reliability. Compared to conventional systems, the proposed design offers improved adaptive illumination, glare mitigation, and energy-aware operation, supporting integration into modern LED-based automotive lighting platforms and electric vehicles.
Co-Authors A. A. M. Ezanuddin Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Bin Abu Bakar Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Romli Muhammad Zaid Aihsan Rosemizi Abd Rahim Shamshul Bahar Yaakob