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Spermicidal, Antifertility and Contraceptive Effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Seed Extract in Female and Male Wistar Rats MacDonald Idu; Sharon Ogedegbe-George; Precious Eromosele Oriarewo; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 12, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.79-88

This study investigates the spermicidal and contraceptive effect of Azadirachta indica seed aqueous extract in male and female Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n=6), graded doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of the extract. They were exposed to female rats in a ratio of 2:1 after 24 hours, 7, and 14 days of administration. The spermicidal properties were evaluated. The female contraceptive study involved 14 days of pre-coital and post-coital administration of the neem seed extract, and contraceptive indexes were investigated. The results obtained from the spermicidal activity showed a significant decrease in male hormonal levels at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of A. indica (0.73, 0.50, and 1.08 ng/ml); and the sperm cells (102.5, 111.5, and 97 counts) after 24 hours. Administration and mating, compared to the control. Also, the histopathology of the testes showed normal testicles. The contraceptive study elicited a significant decrease in estrogen (1.46 ng/ml), luteinizing hormone (0.094 mg/dl) and progesterone (1.82 ng/ml), at 5 mg/kg in day 14 post-coital study compared with the control. The histopathology of the treated uterus had no deteriorating effect compared with the control. The extract elicited spermicidal and contraceptive potential at a reduced dose, validating its folklore claim.

Phytochemical, Antioxidant Screening, Antinociceptive, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch (Burseraceae) Root Ethanol Extract Using Animal Model MacDonald Idu; Anthonia Omoregbee; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 12, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.143-150

This study investigated the biological activities and phytochemical screening of Boswellia dalzielii root ethanol extract. Standard procures were used to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity, antipyretic activity in bakers yeast-induced pyrexia in mice, analgesic property (hotplate and acetic acid-induced in mice), acute antiinflammation (carrageenan-induce in rats) and chronic arthritis (formalininduced in rats) on Boswellia dalzielii root ethanol extract. The phytochemical results revealed the presence of phenol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, tannin, saponin. The extract had a significant reduction in the body temperature in graded doses and 100 mg/kg paracetamol at 60 minutes when compared with the control, but 400 mg/kg was more effective (p<0.01). Morphine and plant extract showed a slight significant analgesic property at 0 and 30 minute compared to the control. The extract at 100 mg/kg elicited a significant increase at 60 and 90 minutes compared with the control, and it is comparable to 5 mg/kg morphine. The plant extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and aspirin (100mg/kg) shows significant analgesic properties compared to control (p<0.01) but 200 mg/kg of extract revealed highest percentage inhibition. The extract produced no significant reduction on carrageenan induced inflammatory at all dose level compared to control (p>0.05). The plant extract (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) and Indomethacin (1 mg/kg) reduced paw volume across the doses from day 4 compared to the control (p<0.01). The Boswellia dalzielii root extract is a promising antiinflammatory agent, it also possesses antipyretics, and analgesics effect validating the folklore claim.

Immunoprotective Effect of Cocos nucifera Oil on Sheep Red Blood Cell-Induced Immunocompromised Rats MacDonald Idu; Igori Debby; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 12, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.121.159-169

The aim of this study is to investigate the immunoprotective effects of cold-pressed coconut oil in immunocompromised rat. Standard procedure was used to perform this research work with a modified method. The effect of immunomodulatory properties of coconut oil was evaluated after challenging the animals with 0.3 ml sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) intraperitoneally and further treated with graded doses (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ml/kg i.p) of the oil extract for 21 days. The hematological, CD4, CD8 biochemical and histopathological analysis were evaluated. Result obtained from this study showed a significant increase in hematological indexes (WBC: 11.70; LYM: 9.9 GRAN: 8.0 and HGB: 15.57) across the treated groups, but majorly at lowest dose (0.25 ml/kg). More so a significant increase in CD4 and CD8 Count specifically at 0.25 ml/kg (7.763 and 7.830). Anti-oxidant property of the oil extract at 0.25 ml/kg had a significant reduction in malondialdehyde with an increased in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) when compared with untreated control. The body weight of the animals in the treated groups showed a significant increase at 0.25 ml/kg of the oil extract when compared with the untreated control. Liver function test (ALT, AST and ALP) showed no significant increase in the treatment groups when compared with the controls. The histopathological result reveals a normal physiological structure of the heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidney in lowest dose of the oil extract. In conclusion, this study validated the ethnomedicinal property of the plant.

Contraceptive Potential of the Methanol Seed Extract of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum) Milne-Redh in Female Wistar Rats MacDonald Idu; Philomena Ovbokhan Amadin; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1683-1690

The investigation of contraceptive effects of Piliostigma thonningii on female Wistar rats offers. Fresh seeds of Piliostigma thonningii were collected from Kaduna State, Nigeria, shade-dried, and processed into methanol extract. A total of twenty-four healthy female Wistar rats, weighing 200-248 grams. The rats were divided into four groups (n=6), each receiving post-coital therapy; the control group was administered graded dosages of wild Bauhinia seed aqueous extract (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg). Prior to administration of the extract, the female rats were paired with male rats using 1:1 ratio for a period of 48 hours. During this period, the female rats were frequently monitored for the presence of vaginal sperm plug, indicative of imminent mating. The results indicated that graded doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) of Piliostigma thonningii methanol seed extract showed a significant reduction in triglycerides (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) within normal physiological ranges with slight elevation in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels when compared to the control group. The extract had a significant reduction in serum estrogen levels in comparison with the control. A marginally significant difference in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) was observed in the tested female rats compared with the control group. Additionally, a decrease in progesterone levels was observed when contrasted with the control. Histological analysis revealed no acute inflammatory cell infiltrate in the myometrium at the 200 mg/kg dose, which displayed a normal uterine wall, endometrium, and myometrium. Further research is imperative to establish consistent pharmacodynamics dosage regimens.

Regenerative Hematinic Properties of Mondia whitei Root Aqueous Extract in Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride-Induced Anemia in Female Wistar Rats MacDonald Idu; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel; Aye-Mola Glory Dudun; Rametu Momodu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1691-1698

Anaemia, a medical condition worldwide, is of significant concern as it lowers hemoglobin or red blood cell levels, causing potential risk or death to patients. This study investigates the hematinic properties of Mondia whitei on phenylhydrazine hydrochloride-induced anaemic rats. Freshly prepared root of M. whitei was chopped into pieces, washed, shade-dried, and processed into aqueous extract. Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) was administered across the groups for 3 days to induce anaemia in female Wistar rats. M. whitei extract (25, 50,100 mg/kg) and reference drug (folate 5 mg/kg) were orally administered for 7 days across the treatment groups, and hematological, peripheral blood smear, and histopathology parameters were analyzed. The results obtained from this study showed that the root extract exhibited a significant difference in the hematinic properties (red blood cells and their components, peripheral blood smear, and regeneration and rapid maturation of blood cells with normal blood morphology) across graded doses of the extract when compared with the untreated control p>0.05. The plant's traditional use in managing anaemia was scientifically validated, hence further studies are warranted to elucidate the implicated compound-to-compound isolation-guided bioassay.

Anti-inflammatory and Nociceptive Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum graticimum Using Animal Models Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel; Marian Jegbefumere Osemwegie; Innocent Inomo Inomo; Ofunre Ozolua Eboreime
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1699-1704

Vernonia amygdalina is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Ocimum graticimum plant roots act as sedatives for children. Ocimum tea is an infused form of the herb used in treating fever and diaphoresis. The study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the root extracts of biherbal using Swiss mice and Wistar rats. The plant samples were collected, air-dried, ground, and processed into a root biherbal extract. Adult Swiss mice and Wistar rats were obtained to assess anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects using animal models. The results obtained showed a significant reduction in edema at 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract. The analgesic effects at 100 and 200 mg/kg had a significant reduction in acetic acid and formalin-induced pain models. All effects were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The biherbal extract exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, with further research needed to identify bioactive compounds and explore its modern medical potential.

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