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All Journal JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH., Tembalang, Semarang|Diponegoro University|Indonesia
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering

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Encapsulation of Cinnamaldehyde using Chitosan: Stability, Mucoadhesive and Cinnamaldehyde Release Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Enny Fachriyah; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto; Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya; Khikmah Khikmah
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 21, No 4 (2018): volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2018
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2829.242 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.21.4.175-181

Abstract

Cinnamaldehyde contained in cinnamon oil is useful as an antidiabetic; however, it has very low oral bioavailability. One effort to increase oral bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde is by encapsulation using chitosan. Encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde in chitosan has been successfully made in the form of powder. The aim of this study was to obtain data of stability, mucoadhesive and cinnamaldehyde release from cinnamaldehyde encapsulated chitosan. Stability tests were performed physically and chemically. Mucoadhesive tests were carried out in vitro in two steps, which were granule fabrication and then mucoadhesive test. The results showed that the levels of cinnamaldehyde decreased within 4 weeks, from the first to the fourth week 100%; 99.87%; 98.85%; 97.33%, respectively. Cinnamaldehyde powder did not change significantly in specific gravity, pH, centrifugation and organoleptic after a month. The release precentage of cinnamaldehyde in acidic media pH 1.2 for 180 minutes was 83.4%, whereas in alkaline media pH 7.4 for 360 minutes was 61%. The cinnamaldehyde encapsulated chitosan nanoparticle powder performed mucoadhesive capacity in the gastric mucosa and in the intestinal mucosa of 91.5% and 84.61%, respectively.
Sulfonation of Eugenol-Diallyl Phthalate Copolymer as Base Material of Supercapacitor Electrode Material Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Cinta Nur Nabila; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto; Marcelinus Christwardana
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 11 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 11 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.11.523-530

Abstract

Polyeugenol is a polymer synthesized from renewable natural resources and has potential as a supercapacitor electrode material. Polyeugenol was modified by the addition of diallyl phthalate to increase structural density and thermal stability and the addition of sulfonate groups to increase ion exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. This research begins with the synthesis of eugenol-diallyl phthalate copolymer (PEGDAF) carried out by cationic polymerization using BF3O(C2H5)2 catalyst and sulfonation of eugenol-diallyl phthalate copolymer (SPEGDAF) using sulfuric acid. The synthesis of PEGDAF in the form of pink solids with a yield of 68.44%, a molecular weight of 6739.99 Daltons, and a melting point of 85°C, FTIR analysis showed that the formation of PEGDAF was characterized by the loss of vinyl groups with the absence of C=C alkene wavenumber absorption which is the wavenumber absorption of eugenol and diallyl phthalate, respectively 1640 cm-1 and 1647 cm-1 and TGA with a mass loss of 5% and 10% at 176°C and 219°C. SPEGDAF results in dark purple solids with a sulfonation degree of 17.18% and a cation exchange capacity of 0.4186 meq/g, molecular weight 8342.25 Daltons, melting point 114°C. Analysis using FTIR showed the presence of sulfonate groups with the resulting absorption peaks of 1218 cm-1 (S=O), 1065 cm-1 (S-O), and 578 cm-1 (C-S) and TGA with a mass decrease of 5% and 10% at temperatures of 169°C and 215°C. Potential test of supercapacitor electrode material with Cyclic Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy obtained a specific capacitance value of 3.23 × 10-3 F/g and ion conductivity of 7.58 × 10-6 S/cm.
Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan as An Active Agent of Antibacterial Packaging for Fish Fillets Dwi Susilo; Syahnindita Dyah Ajeng Wartari; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 27, No 9 (2024): Volume 27 Issue 9 Year 2024
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.27.9.409-418

Abstract

Modifying chitosan by increasing its hydrophilic properties through sulfonation reactions will increase its solubility in water and antibacterial activity and expand the application of chitosan. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of sulfonated chitosan film applied as fish fillet packaging using the total plate count method. Sulfonated chitosan in this study was successfully synthesized by reacting chitosan with 1,3-propane sultone. Sulfonated chitosan products were characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers, while antibacterial activity was measured using the disc diffusion method. The optimum temperature for sulfonated chitosan synthesis was 60°C (SCS60). The resulting SCS 60 was a yellowish-white solid soluble in water with a yield of 61.46% and a degree of substitution of 33%. The diameters of the SCS 60 inhibition zone against E. coli and S. aureus isolates were 7 and 10 mm, respectively. SCS60-gelatin film is elastic (elongation 272%) and more hydrophobic with a contact angle of 90.12° compared to chitosan-gelatin film (62.8°). SCC60-gelatin film was able to suppress bacterial growth in fish fillets by up to 0.3 × 104 cfu/g compared to unpackaged fish (30 × 104 cfu/g). Sulfonated chitosan has the potential to be an antibacterial food packaging material.
Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Salicylaldehyde–Chitosan Schiff Base and Its Antibacterial Assay Umi Shofiyatun Ni’mah; Kamilia Hijriani Zain; Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 4 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 4 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.4.252-264

Abstract

Antibacterial materials are essential for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, and chitosan has received considerable attention due to its intrinsic antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the limited hydrophilicity and moderate mechanical strength of pristine chitosan restrict its broader application. In this study, chitosan was chemically modified through Schiff base formation with salicylaldehyde, followed by modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG), to enhance its physicochemical properties while maintaining detectable antibacterial performance. The objectives of this research were to synthesize Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base and PEG-modified Salicylaldehyde–chitosan Schiff base, to characterize their structural and physical properties, and to evaluate their antibacterial performance. The molecular weight of chitosan was determined by viscometry, and the degree of deacetylation was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chitosan used exhibited a molecular weight of 147,926 g/mol and a degree of deacetylation of 67%. Schiff base formation was carried out by refluxing chitosan with salicylaldehyde at 60°C for 3 hours, using various molar ratios. The highest degree of substitution (68.75%) and yield (41.08%) were obtained, with the moderate yield attributed to incomplete conversion and material loss during purification steps. Structural confirmation was achieved through FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopy by the appearance of characteristic imine (C=N) absorption bands. Subsequent modification with PEG at room temperature for 24 hours yielded 40.49%. The PEG-modified material exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, as indicated by a swelling ratio of 333.33% and a reduced contact angle of 63.04°. Antibacterial activity evaluated by the disc diffusion method showed inhibition zones of 9 mm against Escherichia coli and 10 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, which are modestly higher than those of the solvent control under the tested conditions. These results suggest that PEG modification improves the hydrophilicity of the chitosan-based Schiff base material while maintaining measurable antibacterial activity, indicating potential for further development in antimicrobial and biomedical materials.
Effect of Clove Flower Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) Addition on the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Enny Fachriyah; Safira Kaltsum Annuru; Ismiyarto Ismiyarto; Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 29, No 5 (2026): Volume 29 Issue 5 Year 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.29.5.361-372

Abstract

Indonesia, as a tropical country, possesses substantial potential for the development and utilization of essential oils, particularly those derived from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and clove flowers (Syzygium aromaticum). Lemongrass essential oil is rich in citral and exhibits notable antibacterial activity; however, its antioxidant activity is relatively low. In contrast, clove essential oil is predominantly composed of eugenol, a compound recognized for its strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clove essential oil addition on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of lemongrass essential oil. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Biological activities were assessed by determining total phenolic content, antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated that the addition of clove essential oil increased the total phenolic content and enhanced both the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lemongrass essential oil. Among the tested combinations, the 1:2 (lemongrass) ratio exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 14.400 mg/L, which was substantially lower than that of lemongrass essential oil alone (262.28 mg/L). In the antibacterial assay, the 2:1 ratio showed the strongest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the 1:1 ratio was more effective against Escherichia coli. These findings indicate that the addition of clove essential oil enhances the biological activities of lemongrass essential oil, resulting in additive effects on both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Therefore, the combination of lemongrass and clove essential oils shows promise as a natural source of antibacterial and antioxidant agents.
Co-Authors Cinta Nur Nabila Dwi Susilo Enny Fachriyah Kamilia Hijriani Zain Khikmah Khikmah Marcelinus Christwardana Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono Safira Kaltsum Annuru Syahnindita Dyah Ajeng Wartari Umi Shofiyatun Ni’mah