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All Journal International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika, dan Rekayasa Komputer
Triyanna Widyaningtyas, Triyanna
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Computer Science & IT

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Ensemble semi-supervised learning in facial expression recognition Purnawansyah, Purnawansyah; Adnan, Adam; Darwis, Herdianti; Wibawa, Aji Prasetya; Widyaningtyas, Triyanna; Haviluddin, Haviluddin
International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics Vol 11, No 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijain.v11i1.1880

Abstract

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) plays a crucial role in human-computer interaction, yet improving its accuracy remains a significant challenge. This study aims to enhance the robustness and effectiveness of FER systems by integrating multiple machine learning techniques within a semi-supervised learning framework. The primary objective is to develop a more effective ensemble model that combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), and Random Forest classifiers, utilizing both labeled and unlabeled data. The research implements data augmentation and feature extraction techniques, utilizing advanced architectures such as VGG19, ResNet50, and InceptionV3 to improve the quality and representation of facial expression data. Evaluations were conducted across three dataset scenarios: original, feature-extracted, and augmented, using various label-to-unlabeled ratios. The results indicate that the ensemble model achieved a notable accuracy improvement of 87% on the augmented dataset compared to individual classifiers and other ensemble methods, demonstrating superior performance in handling occlusions and diverse data conditions. However, several limitations exist. The study’s reliance on the JAFFE dataset may restrict its generalizability, as it may not cover the full range of facial expressions encountered in real-world scenarios. Additionally, the effect of label-to-unlabeled ratios on the model's performance requires further exploration. Computational efficiency and training time were also not evaluated, which are critical considerations for practical implementation. For future research, it is recommended to employ cross-validation methods for more robust performance evaluation, explore additional data augmentation techniques, optimize ensemble configurations, and address the computational efficiency of the model to better advance FER technologies.
Comparison of Text Representation for Clustering Student Concept Maps Fatrisna Salsabila, Reni; Dwi Prasetya, Didik; Widyaningtyas, Triyanna; Hirashima, Tsukasa
MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer Vol 24 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Bumigora

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30812/matrik.v24i2.4598

Abstract

This research aims to address the critical challenge of selecting a text representation method that effectively captures students’ conceptual understanding for clustering purposes. Traditional methods, such as Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), often fail to capture semantic relationships, limiting their effectiveness in clustering complex datasets. This study compares TF-IDF with the advanced Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to determine their suitability in clustering student concept maps for two learning topics: Databases and Cyber Security. The method used applies two clustering algorithms: K-Means and its improved variant, K-Means++, which enhances centroid initialization for better stability and clustering quality. The datasets consist of concept maps from 27 students for each topic, including 1,206 concepts and 616 propositions for Databases, as well as 2,564 concepts and 1,282 propositions for Cyber Security. Evaluation is conducted using two metrics Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) and Silhouette Score, to assess the compactness and separability of the clusters. The result of this study is that BERT consistently outperforms TF-IDF, producing lower DBI values and higher Silhouette Scores across all clusters (k= 2 - k=10). Combining BERT with K-Means++ yields the most compact and well-separated clusters, while TF-IDF results in overlapping and less-defined clusters. The research concludes that BERT is a superior text representation method for clustering, offering significant advantages in capturing semantic context and enabling educators to identify student misconceptions and improve learning strategies.
Performance Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Models for Classification in Concept Map Quality Assessment Pratama, Wahyu Styo; Prasetya, Didik Dwi; Widyaningtyas, Triyanna; Wiryawan, Muhammad Zaki; Putra, Lalu Ganda Rady; Hirashima, Tsukasa
MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer Vol. 24 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Bumigora

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30812/matrik.v24i3.4729

Abstract

Open-ended concept maps generated by students give better flexibility and present a complex analysis process for teachers. We investigate the application of classification algorithms in assessing openended concept maps, with the purpose of providing assistance for teachers in evaluating student comprehension. The method used in this study is experimental methods, which consists of data collection, preprocessing, representation generation, and modelling with Feedforward Neural Network, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression. Our dataset, derived from concept maps, consists of 3,759 words forming 690 propositions, scored carefully by experts to ensure high accuracy in the evaluation process. Results of this study indicate that K-NN outperformed all other models, achieving the highest accuracy and Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under the Curve scores, demonstrating its robustness in distinguishing between classes. Support Vector Machine excelled in precision, effectively minimizing false positives, while Random Forest showcased a balanced performance through its ensemble learning approach. Decision Tree and Linear Regression showed limitations in handling complex data patterns. FeedforwardNeural Network can model intricate relationships, but needs further optimization. This research concluded that Artificial Intelligence classification enables a better assessment for teachers, enables the path for personalized learning strategies in learning.
Comparison of Text Representation for Clustering Student Concept Maps Fatrisna Salsabila, Reni; Dwi Prasetya, Didik; Widyaningtyas, Triyanna; Hirashima, Tsukasa
MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer Vol. 24 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Bumigora

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30812/matrik.v24i2.4598

Abstract

This research aims to address the critical challenge of selecting a text representation method that effectively captures students’ conceptual understanding for clustering purposes. Traditional methods, such as Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), often fail to capture semantic relationships, limiting their effectiveness in clustering complex datasets. This study compares TF-IDF with the advanced Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to determine their suitability in clustering student concept maps for two learning topics: Databases and Cyber Security. The method used applies two clustering algorithms: K-Means and its improved variant, K-Means++, which enhances centroid initialization for better stability and clustering quality. The datasets consist of concept maps from 27 students for each topic, including 1,206 concepts and 616 propositions for Databases, as well as 2,564 concepts and 1,282 propositions for Cyber Security. Evaluation is conducted using two metrics Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) and Silhouette Score, to assess the compactness and separability of the clusters. The result of this study is that BERT consistently outperforms TF-IDF, producing lower DBI values and higher Silhouette Scores across all clusters (k= 2 - k=10). Combining BERT with K-Means++ yields the most compact and well-separated clusters, while TF-IDF results in overlapping and less-defined clusters. The research concludes that BERT is a superior text representation method for clustering, offering significant advantages in capturing semantic context and enabling educators to identify student misconceptions and improve learning strategies.
Co-Authors Adnan, Adam Aji Prasetya Wibawa Darwis, Herdianti Didik Dwi Prasetya Fatrisna Salsabila, Reni Haviluddin Haviluddin Hirashima, Tsukasa Lalu Ganda Rady Putra Pratama, Wahyu Styo Purnawansyah Purnawansyah Wiryawan, Muhammad Zaki