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All Journal International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology
Wira Hidayat bin Mohd Saad
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Astronomy Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Physics Social Sciences Transportation

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Frequency Domain Analysis of Load Frequency Control Using PIDTune Model Standard Heru Dibyo Laksono; Rohadatul ‘Aisya; Wira Hidayat bin Mohd Saad
Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): May 2023
Publisher : Electrical Engineering Dept, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/ajeeet.v3i1.38

Abstract

The load frequency control system aims to regulate the frequency in the electric power system at a normal value with a predetermined tolerance limit. In practice, the load frequency control system does not always operate optimally, therefore a controller is needed to be added to the load frequency control system. The controller designed is a variation of the combination of Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) controllers with the standard model PIDTune method consisting of proportional (P) controller, proportional integral (PI) controller, proportional  differential (PD) controller, Proportional Integral Differential (PID) controller, Proportional Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PDF), and Proportional Integral Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PIDF). This study is aiming to carry out simulation and analysis in the frequency domain and then analyze the robustness of the reheat type power frequency control system and then design a PID controller for the reheat type power frequency control system in basic configuration, filter configuration, feedback configuration, feedforward configuration, and cascade configuration using PIDtune Model Standard on Matlab software. From the results of simulation and analysis, the controller that complies the design criteria and can make the reheat type of load frequency control system work optimally based on frequency domain analysis and robustness analysis is a proportional-integral (PI) controller in a feedback configuration with gain margin (Kg) equals to 38.11 dB, phase margin equals to 59.6°, infinity bandwidth, peak resonance value (Mr) equals to 1.19, maximum sensitivity peak value (MS) equals to 1.24, and complementary maximum sensitivity peak value (MT) equals to 1.17.
Frequency Domain Analysis of Load Frequency Control Using PIDTune Model Standard Heru Dibyo Laksono; Rohadatul ‘Aisya; Wira Hidayat bin Mohd Saad
Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): May 2023
Publisher : Electrical Engineering Dept, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/ajeeet.v3i1.38

Abstract

The load frequency control system aims to regulate the frequency in the electric power system at a normal value with a predetermined tolerance limit. In practice, the load frequency control system does not always operate optimally, therefore a controller is needed to be added to the load frequency control system. The controller designed is a variation of the combination of Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) controllers with the standard model PIDTune method consisting of proportional (P) controller, proportional integral (PI) controller, proportional  differential (PD) controller, Proportional Integral Differential (PID) controller, Proportional Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PDF), and Proportional Integral Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PIDF). This study is aiming to carry out simulation and analysis in the frequency domain and then analyze the robustness of the reheat type power frequency control system and then design a PID controller for the reheat type power frequency control system in basic configuration, filter configuration, feedback configuration, feedforward configuration, and cascade configuration using PIDtune Model Standard on Matlab software. From the results of simulation and analysis, the controller that complies the design criteria and can make the reheat type of load frequency control system work optimally based on frequency domain analysis and robustness analysis is a proportional-integral (PI) controller in a feedback configuration with gain margin (Kg) equals to 38.11 dB, phase margin equals to 59.6°, infinity bandwidth, peak resonance value (Mr) equals to 1.19, maximum sensitivity peak value (MS) equals to 1.24, and complementary maximum sensitivity peak value (MT) equals to 1.17.
Multivariable Internet of Things Monitoring for Off-Grid Photovoltaic Operational Diagnostics Feby Ardianto; Eko Ariyanto; Bengawan Alfaresi; Muhammad Syaukani; Wira Hidayat Bin Mohd Saad
International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology Vol 6, No 4 (2026)
Publisher : Malikussaleh University, Aceh, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52088/ijesty.v6i4.1892

Abstract

Off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems require low-cost monitoring that captures environmental conditions and energy flows for operational diagnosis. This study evaluates an Internet of Things monitoring framework using 2,500 synchronized observations recorded at 10-minute intervals in May 2025 at a laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Indonesia. The objective was to assess whether component-resolved multivariable monitoring could characterize environmental–electrical coupling, identify interpretable operating states, and support operational screening before labeled fault data are available. The monitored system comprised a 1,200-Wp PV array, a 12-V 400-Ah battery bank, two 60-A MPPT controllers, a 3,000-W/VA inverter, and a 350-W water-pump load. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, HC3-robust multiple linear regression, K-means clustering, and power-balance residual analysis were applied. Mean panel temperature, estimated solar irradiance, PV power, charging power, discharging power, and load power were 27.75 °C, 219.77 W/m², 190.14 W, 93.99 W, 98.74 W, and 198.56 W, respectively. PV power correlated strongly with estimated irradiance (r = 0.999) and charging power (r = 0.963), and negatively with discharging power (r = -0.533). The thermal and daytime PV-power models explained 97.7% and 99.5% of within-sample variance, respectively. Residual distributions varied systematically among operating states, supporting their use as internal-consistency and disturbance-sensitive screening indicators rather than definitive fault labels. Because irradiance was estimated from BH1750 illuminance using a published empirical relation without on-site pyranometer calibration, the strong irradiance–PV power correlation indicates internal association rather than validation of absolute irradiance accuracy. The framework therefore provides interpretable operational diagnostics before labeled fault data are available for off-grid PV systems
Co-Authors Bengawan Alfaresi Eko Ariyanto Feby Ardianto Laksono, Heru Dibyo Muhammad Syaukani Rohadatul ‘Aisya