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All Journal Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology MAJALAH ILMIAH GLOBE IJEMS (Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability) Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis 3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science Kenanga : Journal of Biological sciences and Applied Biology Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Elham Sumarga
School Of Life Sciences And Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Energy Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Neuroscience Physics Public Health

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Mangrove ecotourism development at Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia PUTERI RAYSA AZZAHRA; ELHAM SUMARGA; ARNI SHOLIHAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 24 No. 8 (2023)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240827

Abstract

Abstract. Azzahra PR, Sumarga E, Sholihah A. 2023. Mangrove ecotourism development at Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4457-4468. Karimunjawa National Park (KJNP) is a marine conservation area with a high potential for developing mangrove ecotourism in Indonesia. Several essential aspects should be adequately understood to support mangrove ecotourism in KJNP, including the potential of tourism attractions, the ecological carrying capacity for tourism, the potential support from stakeholders, and the best strategies based on the latest conditions. This study aimed to (i) identify and analyze the potential of mangrove ecotourism attractions in KJNP, (ii) analyze the carrying capacity for mangrove ecotourism, (iii) analyze the level of influence and interest of stakeholders, and (iv) determine strategies for developing mangrove ecotourism in KJNP. The ecotourism attraction potentials were analyzed using a modified version of the assessment of Natural Tourism Attraction Objects (NTAO) (Objek Daya Tarik Wisata Alam – ODTWA). The carrying capacity was analyzed using the Area Carrying Capacity concept. The influence and interest level of stakeholders were analyzed using the economic characteristics of the community and the stakeholder grids. The strategy for developing mangrove ecotourism was determined using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT), and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) analyses. The results showed that mangrove ecotourism in KJNP is highly potential and feasible to be developed based on the assessment of 15 criteria of NTAO with a carrying capacity of ca. 104 visitors/day. About 96% of the community agrees to support the development of mangrove ecotourism in KJNP. Karimunjawa National Park Office and the local community were identified as essential players from the eight recognizable stakeholders. Seven main strategies were formulated for developing mangrove ecotourism in KJNP, with the improvement of cooperation among stakeholders in developing facilities and tourist attractions and promoting mangrove ecotourism was perceived as the most urgent strategy to be implemented.
Vegetation characteristics of the Javan slow loris habitat in Mount Masigit Kareumbi Protected Area, West Java, Indonesia ANESHA ALLASSELCIDA; ELHAM SUMARGA; SOFIATIN SOFIATIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250823

Abstract

Abstract. Allasselcida A, Sumarga E, Sofiatin. 2024. Vegetation characteristics of the Javan slow loris habitat in Mount Masigit Kareumbi Protected Area, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2512-2520. Habitat loss and degradation are major threats to the conservation of endemic wildlife in Indonesia, owing to the high rates of deforestation over the past decades. Most of these endemic animals are now at risk of extinction. Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is a primate endemic to Java Island and is currently classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. This study analyzes four key aspects of the loris' habitat in Mount Masigit Kareumbi Protected Area (MMKPA), West Java: plant diversity, vegetation community structure and composition, plant species as food sources, and canopy density. A vegetation survey was conducted in three research sites using 41 nested plots measuring 20x20 m for trees, 10x10 m for poles and shrubs, 5x5 m for saplings, and 2x2 m for herbaceous plants. Data on plant species, diameter at breast height (DBH), and abundance (number of individuals) were collected within each plot. Forest Canopy Density (FCD) was mapped using Landsat 8 RAW Imagery and Landsat 8 TOA Reflectance Imagery, involving calculating several indices: Advanced Vegetation Index (AVI), Bare Soil Index (BI), Shadow Index (SI), and Thermal Index (TI). This study identified 104 plant species from 40 families across the three studied sites with dominant tree species were Pinus merkusii, Schima wallichii, Actinodaphne procera, Pinanga coronata, Miconia crenata, and various Setaria species. The diversity index at the three locations ranged from 3.02 to 3.41. This study found 35 species, including the dominant tree species, which served as food sources for slow lorises. The primary food sources available to slow lorises are sap (92.4%), followed by fruit (3.9%) and flowers/nectar (3.7%). The results of FCD analysis indicated that 83% of MMKPA has a "high" category, suggesting the presence of a continuous branch network that facilitates the easy movement of Javan slow loris. This information can be used to develop strategies for improve habitat management in the area, such as enriching fruit-bearing crops to increase food diversity.
Environmental drivers of ranging behavior in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) ALINA SIMOKAR; ELHAM SUMARGA; RAHAYU OKTAVIANI; YOGI PRASETIO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260821

Abstract

Abstract. Simokar A, Sumarga E, Oktaviani R, Prasetio Y. 2025. Environmental drivers of ranging behavior in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Biodiversitas 26: 3903-3915. Environmental factors and food availability shape the foraging strategies and ranging behavior of primates. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch), endemic to Java Island, Indonesia, inhabits the remaining forest patches such as Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP). This study investigated the effects of environmental variables and food availability on Javan gibbon ranging in GHSNP, using behavioral and ecological data collected from January to December 2022. We observed three habituated gibbon groups through scan sampling and collected monthly plant phenology and daily temperature and rainfall data. The data were analyzed to: (i) calculate the activity budget; (ii) map and quantify ranging patterns, using QGIS; (iii) determine the Food Abundance Index (FAI); (vi) calculate mean monthly temperature and rainfall; (v) analyze the effects of environmental conditions and food availability on ranging behaviour/pattern using linear mixed models in RStudio. Results showed that Javan gibbon activities were dominated by resting, followed by feeding, locomotion, and social interaction. The mean home range size and daily path length were 38.68±7.17 ha and 3.25±0.30 km, respectively. Important food sources included Ficus spp., Cordia bantamensis, Sandoricum koetjape, and Knema cinerea with the highest FAI values for fruits, young leaves, and flowers occurred in September, July, and March, respectively. The average minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and monthly rainfall were 17.77±0.34?, 26.59±0.76?, and 418.23±179.68 mm, respectively. Ranging patterns were significantly affected by rainfall, temperature, and food availability (p-value<0.05), with observed differences among groups due to food resources distribution, foraging strategies, and environmental responses.
Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia JOHN D. KALOR; ELHAM SUMARGA; DEVI N. CHOESIN; TATI S. SYAMSUDIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270338

Abstract

Abstract. Kalor JD, Sumarga E, Choesin DN, Syamsudin TS. 2026. Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270338. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270338. Mangrove species diversity is shaped by complex interactions among environmental factors that influence species-specific habitat preferences. This study aims to assess mangrove species diversity and identify the key environmental factors affecting their habitat preferences in Demta Bay, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Fieldwork was carried out from September 1 to 20, 2024, across 10 research stations covering a total area of 40,000 m². Data were collected using the line transect plot method. At each station, two transects (100 m × 20 m) were established perpendicular to the shoreline, with a spacing of 100 m apart. Along each transect, four plots measuring 10 m × 10 m were established two plots with two replications, resulting in a total of 20 transects and 80 plots. Soil sampling and analysis were performed both in situ and ex situ, with four replications per transect. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, and Pielou indices, as well as the Important Value Index. Habitat relationships were examined using Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation. This study documented 14 mangrove species from 6 families in Demta Bay, indicating moderate diversity. The composition of mangrove vegetation was characterized by an average density of 146.3±14.84 individuals/station (800m2), a diversity index of 1.36±0.25, a dominance index of 0.32±0.07, a species richness of 1.13±0.43, and an evenness index of 0.74±0.10, suggesting stable ecological interactions and functional redundancy among species. Key habitat variables, soil bulk density (0.63±0.21 g cm⁻³), soil pH (6.80±0.32), soil salinity (24.79±2.98 PSU), soil temperature (29.21±1.54°C), and soil moisture (48.70±18.53%), were measured across sites. This study demonstrates that soil characteristics exert a significant influence on mangrove species diversity and endemism in Demta Bay, Jayapura. Elevated salinity was linked to reduced species richness and evenness. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata were the most dominant and widely distributed species, thriving in saline, compacted soils alongside Bruguiera sexangula. In contrast, Excoecaria agallocha favored moist soils with moderate pH, while Ceriops decandra performed best under slightly alkaline conditions. Given the geomorphological and ecological heterogeneity that drives localized species zonation in Demta Bay, as well as its benefits to local coastal communities, conservation efforts should focus on habitat-specific planting.
Co-Authors Aan Aryanti Sandra Adenna Yuska Nurrahman ALINA SIMOKAR ANESHA ALLASSELCIDA Anggi Sella Nyuanti ARNI SHOLIHAH Arni Sholihah Ashma Sadida DEVI N. CHOESIN Devi Nandita Choesin Devi Nandita Choesin Dwi Susilowardani Fahmi Idris Firdaus Fauziah Nur Hairatunnisa HAIRATUNNISA Hatta Vrazila Hikmat Ramdan Ichsan Suwandhi JOHN D. KALOR Mohammad Basyuni Muhammad Sugihartono PUTERI RAYSA AZZAHRA Puteri Raysa Azzahra Putri Risa Fatmawati Qalbi, Mutiara Putri RAHAYU OKTAVIANI Resti Salmayenti Rina Ratnasih Irwanto Rina Ratnasih Irwanto Sarah Sarah, Sarah SITI HALIMAH LAREKENG, SITI HALIMAH SOFIATIN SOFIATIN Tansy, Belinda Calista TATI S. SYAMSUDIN Tati Suryati Syamsudin YOGI PRASETIO