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All Journal Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Putri Alifia Zahra
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Other

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ANTIBIOTICS SENSITIVITY TEST DIFFUSION AND DILUTION METHODS Nadia Elzuhria A; Nur Silmi kaffah; Nafis Rizqi N; Ummi Hanidah; Aisyah Mallika S; Firda Ayu Nabilla; Fajwatunnisa Azkadhafina; Taufiq Ahmad Hidayat; Nadya Fierdini Putri; Putri Alifia Zahra; Tristan Setiawan; Fomaembarasi Buulolo
Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 2 No 1 (2023): Vol.2 No.1 JUNE (2023)
Publisher : Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Medicine, UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33533/jrpps.v2i1.7027

Abstract

An antibiotic sensitivity test is a method to test the response of bacteria to antibiotics. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic against microbial activity. The sensitivity test was conducted with two methods, namely, the diffusion method and the dilution method. The diffusion method was performed using paper discs (Kirby-Bauer) against Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei bacteria with amoxicillin, neomycin, and sulfonamide antibiotics. The data required is the diameter of the inhibition zone. Results showed that Escherichia coli was sensitive to amoxicillin but resistant to sulfonamide and neomycin. Meanwhile, Shigella sonnei was resistant to amoxicillin, neomycin, and sulfanilamide. Furthermore, the dilution method was performed to test the potency of amoxicillin against Escherichia coli bacteria using the liquid dilution method. The data required were test tubes with liquid media that showed no turbidity. The results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin against Escherichia coli was 0.25%. Based on the results of the antibiotic sensitivity test using the diffusion and the dilution methods, it can be concluded that amoxicillin has high effectiveness against Escherichia coli bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25%, while Shigella sonnei is resistant to the antibiotics tested.
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: THE PATTERN OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG UTILIZATION IN THE JKN ERA Anggita Cahya Ningrum; Tirta Fitri Aryani; Nadhifa Zalfa Rakhmat; Fathan Mubiin Ibnu Ismail; Putri Alifia Zahra; Primayanti Nurul Ilmi
Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 4 No 2 (2025): Vol.4 No.2 DECEMBER (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Medicine, UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33533/jrpps.v4i2.12422

Abstract

Psychotropic drugs are essential in the management of mental disorders, yet their use often raises challenges related to rational prescribing, cost, and drug availability. Since the implementation of the Indonesian National Health Insurance (JKN) in 2014, changes in the utilization patterns of psychotropic medications have been observed and require systematic evaluation. This study aimed to review the prescribing patterns of psychotropic drugs in the JKN era, focusing on the most frequently used agents, therapeutic shifts, and their implications for healthcare access and financing. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases including Neliti, Garuda, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The search used the keywords “psychotropic,” “JKN,” “BPJS,” and “drug utilization.” Inclusion criteria were observational studies conducted in the Indonesian population between 2014 and 2025. From 124 identified publications, three articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The studies revealed a shift in the use of antipsychotics from typical to atypical agents, with risperidone as the most frequently prescribed. For antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), particularly fluoxetine and sertraline, were commonly used, although amitriptyline remained an alternative due to limited drug availability. JKN contributed to improved patient access to treatment but was also associated with cost burden, unequal distribution of medicines, and risks of irrational prescribing. JKN has successfully expanded patient access to psychotropic therapy; however, it also introduced financial and prescribing challenges. Among mental health conditions, bipolar disorder showed a significant difference in annual costs between JKN and non-JKN patients, with higher costs under JKN mainly due to the high utilization of sodium divalproex.
Co-Authors Aisyah Mallika S Anggita Cahya Ningrum Fajwatunnisa Azkadhafina Fathan Mubiin Ibnu Ismail Firda Ayu Nabilla Fomaembarasi Buulolo Nadhifa Zalfa Rakhmat Nadia Elzuhria A Nadya Fierdini Putri Nafis Rizqi N Nur Silmi kaffah Primayanti Nurul Ilmi Taufiq Ahmad Hidayat Tirta Fitri Aryani Tristan Setiawan Ummi Hanidah