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5G NR Coverage Optimization Using Legacy 4G Infrastructure: A Machine Learning-Enhanced Empirical Study in Indonesian Urban Environment AFRIZAL YUHANEF; Muhammad Putra Pamungkas; Nasrul Nasrul; Dikky Chandra; Herry Setiawan; Sonya Purna Faradisya
Journal of Innovation Information Technology and Application (JINITA) Vol 7 No 2 (2025): JINITA, December 2025
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Cilacap

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35970/jinita.v7i2.2942

Abstract

The deployment of 5G New Radio (NR) networks requires substantial infrastructure investment, posing challenges for emerging markets. This empirical study explores coverage optimization by retrofitting existing 4G LTE Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) using machine learning-enhanced Self-Organizing Network (SON) algorithms. Over six months, 6,895 drive test measurements were collected across 28 Telkomsel BTS sites in Padang, Indonesia, enabling before-and-after optimization analysis. Paired t-test results showed significant improvements in coverage quality: the service area with excellent SINR increased from 54.5% to 58.1% (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.27), while maintaining 99.3% RSRP compliance (≥ -92 dBm, 95% CI: 97.8%–100%). Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) effectively identified parameter configurations that enhanced performance without additional infrastructure cost, reducing deployment expenses. However, 5G NSA deployment remained limited to only 2.17% of measurements, which is valid for early-stage insights but restricts generalization to full 5G deployment scenarios. Therefore, the findings primarily apply to NSA overlay on existing 4G infrastructure rather than full 5G standalone deployment. This underscores ongoing economic and technical challenges in emerging markets’ 5G rollout. Despite this, the study provides strong empirical evidence supporting infrastructure reuse via SON-based optimization as a cost-effective way to improve coverage and quality. These results offer valuable guidance for operators and policymakers aiming to accelerate 5G adoption while managing costs in similar regions. Future work should expand validation as 5G NSA and standalone (SA) deployments grow and investigate integration with advanced AI-driven network management techniques
PERBANDINGAN ARSITEKTUR 5G NON-STANDALONE (NSA) DAN STANDALONE (SA): KAJIAN LITERATUR Fikri Adi Pratama; Afrizal Yuhanef; Muhammad Putra Pamungkas; Yulindon Yulindon
JURNAL ILMIAH PENELITIAN MAHASISWA Vol 4 No 2 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Mahasiswa (JIPM) April 2026
Publisher : Kampus Akademik Publiser

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61722/jipm.v4i2.2274

Abstract

Perkembangan teknologi jaringan seluler generasi kelima (5G) menghadirkan peningkatan signifikan dalam hal kapasitas data, efisiensi jaringan, dan kualitas layanan dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya. Dalam implementasinya, terdapat dua pendekatan arsitektur utama, yaitu Non-Standalone (NSA) dan Standalone (SA), yang memiliki karakteristik serta keunggulan masing-masing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan arsitektur 5G NSA dan SA berdasarkan beberapa parameter teknis utama, meliputi struktur core network, latency, kompleksitas deployment, serta dukungan terhadap fitur-fitur lanjutan 5G. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur dengan pendekatan kualitatif, melalui pengumpulan dan analisis sumber ilmiah bereputasi yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2020–2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arsitektur NSA masih bergantung pada infrastruktur LTE melalui Evolved Packet Core (EPC), sehingga memungkinkan proses deployment yang lebih cepat dan efisien dari sisi biaya, namun memiliki keterbatasan dalam mendukung fitur-fitur lanjutan 5G secara optimal. Sebaliknya, arsitektur SA menggunakan 5G Core (5GC) berbasis cloud-native yang memberikan fleksibilitas, skalabilitas, serta dukungan penuh terhadap fitur seperti network slicing dan komunikasi dengan latency rendah. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa NSA lebih sesuai sebagai solusi awal implementasi 5G, sedangkan SA merupakan arah pengembangan utama jaringan 5G di masa depan untuk mendukung layanan yang lebih kompleks dan kritis.