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HUKUM INTERNASIONAL SEBAGAI PERANGKAT POLITIK : PEMBUATAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL OLEH PEMERINTAH DAERAH DI INDONESIA Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad; Irawati, Irawati
Caraka Prabu : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Vol 7 No 2 (2023): Caraka Prabu : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Ahmad Yani

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36859/jcp.v7i2.1833

Kerja sama antar negara menjadi suatu prasyarat penting bagi sebuah negara dalam mengelola hubungan internasionalnya. Reformasi di Indonesia telah memberikan kewenangan dan otonomi kepada pemerintah daerah untuk mengadakan kerja sama melalui perjanjian internasional sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan dan memajukan kondisi wilayah mereka. Dalam penelitian ini, metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum internasional berperan sebagai alat politik dalam pembentukan perjanjian antar negara. Perjanjian-perjanjian ini menjadi instrumen bagi negara-negara untuk membangun kerja sama dan memperkuat posisi mereka di tingkat internasional. Di Indonesia, dengan adanya otonomi daerah, pemerintah daerah memiliki sejumlah kewenangan untuk menjalin perjanjian internasional di dalam wilayahnya. Namun, kewenangan tersebut terbatas oleh kerangka regulasi hukum dan ruang lingkup pelaksanaannya. Dalam membuat perjanjian internasional, pemerintah daerah tetap harus mematuhi hukum nasional, melibatkan lembaga legislatif setempat, dan memastikan keselarasan dengan kepentingan nasional. Memahami batasan dan kejelasan mengenai kewenangan ini penting guna menjaga keselarasan antara otonomi lokal dan kedaulatan nasional dalam urusan internasional.

LIABILITAS NEGARA ATAS SAMPAH ANTARIKSA OLEH NEGARA PELUNCUR DALAM KEGIATAN KERUANGANGKASAAN BERDASARKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad; Oktaviani , Jusmalia
Yustitia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2024): Yustitia
Publisher : Universitas Wiralodra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31943/yustitia.v10i2.252

The era of globalization is characterized by the use of space for various human interests. Many countries launch satellites into space, which causes a new problem: increasing amounts of space waste or space debris. Space debris comes in the form of pieces, fragments, or debris that can have a negative impact on the Earth. Subject to applicable law, the launching country is responsible for any losses incurred from the satellite it launched. However, in practice, it is not easy to determine the state's responsibility for space waste. Therefore, this study aims to explain the complexity between the legal framework and the circumstances in the field. The study uses a juridical-normative approach, with logical analysis as well as sociological and philosophical foundations. The types and sources of data used in this study are secondary data. Data is collected primarily through document study techniques (library research and online research) by inventorying secondary data. The study explains that the country's responsibility for the negative effects of space waste will depend on many factors, making it situational. International efforts are needed to anticipate and arrange mutual agreements to prevent space waste from increasing.

Studi Komparasi Model Kepemimpinan Kepala Negara Ganda dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Diarki di Beberapa Negara Abidin AS, Zaenal; Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik Vol 8 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Department of Political Science - Universitas Sains Al-Qur’an

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32699/resolusi.v8i1.9085

A diarchy, or dual head-of-state leadership system, is a governance model in which two individuals jointly exercise the functions of the head of state. This study analyzes the impacts and challenges of the diarchy system in modern contexts by examining its implementation in several countries, including Andorra, San Marino, and Nicaragua. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing secondary data analysis through literature reviews, constitutional documents, and related academic sources. The findings demonstrate that the diarchy system offers improved power balance, enhances governmental legitimacy, and fosters administrative efficiency. However, the system also faces challenges, such as potential leadership conflicts, political fragmentation, and the risk of dominance by one leader, which may undermine principles of equality in governance. Furthermore, the application of diarchy in democratic and authoritarian systems yields varied outcomes, depending on the availability of checks and balances. Therefore, the success of a diarchy system hinges on legal frameworks, political traditions, and institutional capacity to maintain governmental stability.

Penerapan Hukum Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional antara Armenia dengan Azerbaijan dalam Sengketa Nagorno-Karabakh Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad; Irawati
Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum Volume 5, No 1, July 2025, Jurnal RIset Ilmu Hukum (JRIH)
Publisher : UPT Publikasi Ilmiah Unisba

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/jrih.v5i1.7057

Abstract. The Nagorno-Karabakh territorial dispute is a conflict in an enclave with a majority Armenian population. This issue originates from World War I, the shifts in Glasnost and Perestroika policies, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, resulting in both Armenia and Azerbaijan claiming ownership of the region. This paper aims to explore the legal instruments for resolving international disputes, the background of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict, and the application of international dispute resolution laws between the parties. Theethodlogy used is a normative juridical approach with secondary data from library research. The study reveals that international legal instruments such as the Hague Conventions, the Versailles Treaty, the League of Nations Covenant, the 1928 Paris Pact, and the United Nations Charter provide normative foundations and peaceful mechanisms for addressing international conflicts. The study also discusses the historical background and dynamics of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, including the involvement of international actors like Russia, Turkey, Iran, the UN, and the OSCE Minsk Group in mediation. Despite numerous peace efforts, military approaches and violence remain part of the final resolution, as seen in armed conflict escalations in 1992, 2016, 2020, and 2023. Abstrak. Konflik sengketa wilayah Nagorno-Karabakh merupakan pertikaian di sebuah enklave dengan mayoritas penduduknya beretnis Armenia. yang berakar dari Perang Dunia I, perubahan kebijakan Glasnost dan Perestroika, serta disintegrasi Uni Soviet yang menyebabkan Armenia dan Azerbaijan saling mengklaim wilayah tersebut. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis instrumen hukum penyelesaian sengketa internasional, latar belakang konflik Armenia-Azerbaijan, dan penerapan hukum penyelesaian sengketa internasional antara kedua negara. Metode yang diterapkan adalah yuridis normatif dengan data sekunder melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil studi menyatakan bahwa instrumen hukum internasional seperti Konvensi Den Haag, Traktat Versailles, Piagam Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, Pakta Paris 1928, dan Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1945 memberikan dasar normatif dan mekanisme damai dalam menyelesaikan konflik internasional. Penelitian ini juga menguraikan latar belakang dan dinamika konflik Nagorno-Karabakh, termasuk peran aktor internasional seperti Rusia, Turki, Iran, PBB, dan OSCE Minsk Group dalam upaya mediasi. Meskipun berbagai upaya damai telah dilakukan, pendekatan militer dan kekerasan masih mendominasi dinamika penyelesaian konflik dalam praktiknya, seperti yang terlihat dalam eskalasi konflik pada tahun 1992, 2016, 2020, dan 2023.

Polemik Hukuman Mati Di Arab Saudi Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
Pemuliaan Hukum Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Pemuliaan Hukum
Publisher : Law Study Program, Faculty of Law, Nusantara Islamic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30999/ph.v6i1.2004

The capital punishment is one of the world's oldest and most severe penalties, putting a person's life to death. Saudi Arabia is a country that allows and enforces capital punishment. Saudi Arabia's constitution incorporates the Qur'an and Sunnah and declares that the state defends human rights in line with Islamic Sharia, making it the only country with a legal system distinct from the rest of the world. This research applies normative juridical method. The instruments that contain the ban of the death penalty are described in this study. According to the findings of this study, there are treaties that ban the capital punishment, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Capital punishment has always been a controversial subject since many parties oppose it. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia, continues to implement the death penalty on its locals and foreign residents.

New Colonialism in an Ecological Guise Oktaviani, Jusmalia; Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
Journal Of Global Strategic Studies : Jurnal Magister Hubungan Internasional Vol 5 No 2 (2025): Journal of Global Strategic Studies
Publisher : Master's Programs in International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Jenderal Achmad Yani University (UNJANI).

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36859/jgss.v5i2.4675

Waste trade from developed to developing countries reflects systemic environmental racism. Wealthy nations turn poorer nations into dumping grounds, creating structural injustice and geography-based discrimination. The concept of ecological colonialism reinforces this, highlighting environmental exploitation in colonized countries. Environmental issues and so-called “green” policies are often used by developed nations to impose dominance over the Global South. This is manifested in the exploitation of natural resources, dependency on debt and foreign loans, technological domination, and waste colonialism. Such practices demonstrate that environmental protection is prioritized only for the powerful, while marginalized communities are sacrificed, thereby reinforcing structural inequality and dependency. This study frames waste trade not as ordinary commerce but as a form of domination over developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. Using qualitative methods and secondary data collection, it presents a theoretical framework to explain how waste trade becomes a tool for developed nations to create structural dependency.

KUDETA MILITER MYANMAR DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
Jurnal Dialektika Hukum Vol 3 No 1 (2021): Jurnal Dialektika Hukum
Publisher : Law Department Jenderal Achmad Yani University

Kudeta adalah kunci bagi seorang perwira militer untuk dapat mengambil alih kekuasaan negara yang kemudian peristiwa itu disebut kudeta militer. Dalam negara berkembang, pihak militer sebagai fungsinya selalu ikut campur dalam pemerintahan yang sedang berkuasa. Negara yang sering mengalami kudeta salah satunya yaitu Myanmar. Riwayat terjadinya kudeta militer Myanmar dimulai pada tahun 1962, 1988 hingga tahun 2021 yang disebabkan militer Myanmar ingin tetap mempertahankan eksistensi atau pengaruhnya. Kudeta yang terjadi di Myanmar merupakan polemik bagi semua pihak, sebab negara atau orgainasi internasional maupun regional tidak boleh mencampuri urusan dalam negeri/non-intervensi berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip yang sudah tertuang secara hukum. Sehingga penyelesaian konflik kudeta tersebut terhalang secara hukum internasional karena sudah ada ketentuan yang mengikat.

KONTRIBUSI SISTEM CIVIL LAW (EROPA KONTINENTAL) TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN SISTEM HUKUM DI INDONESIA Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
Jurnal Dialektika Hukum Vol 4 No 2 (2022): Jurnal Dialektika Hukum
Publisher : Law Department Jenderal Achmad Yani University

The legal system is a set of regulations, including commands, restrictions, and permissibility. The Civil Law System and the Anglo-Saxon System are the two legal systems now in use in the world. As a legacy of the Dutch colonial authority, Indonesia follows the Civil Law system, or Continental Europe. A normative legal research methodology using secondary data types was used. The Civil Law system, which emerged in countries in Mainland Europe and was codified from Ancient Roman Law, is the subject of this study's findings and discussion. The 13th century saw the beginning of the movement of this system, which has a lengthy history and is inextricably linked to economic, political, and intellectual forces in Western Europe. This system of laws acknowledges the division between public and private law. The Civil Law system is characterized by the existence of a codification or legal record that preserves the law and serves as a foundation or mechanism for judges to act and uphold the legal system documented in the law. The three dimensions of the national legal order, which is based on the Civil Law legal order, are the maintenance dimension, the renewal dimension, and the creative dimension. Along with these features, the Civil Law system also strengthens Indonesia's legal framework by, among other things, creating new laws, discovering new laws, and using judges as law's mouthpieces to enforce laws that affect people's daily lives.

Model Power-Sharing Swiss: Kajian Pemerintahan dan Hukum Konstitusi terhadap Representasi Multietnis dan Linguistik Ristala, Harky; Iqbal, Firdaus Muhamad
WATHAN: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Vol 3 No 1 (2026): WATHAN: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora
Publisher : Fanshur Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71153/wathan.v3i1.471

Swiss merupakan salah satu contoh paling menonjol dari negara multietnis dan multilinguistik yang berhasil menjaga stabilitas politik melalui model power-sharing yang terinstitusionalisasi secara kuat dalam kerangka hukum konstitusional dan praktik pemerintahan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana interaksi antara desain hukum konstitusi, federalisme linguistik, prinsip kolegialitas, serta mekanisme demokrasi langsung membentuk sistem pembagian kekuasaan yang inklusif dalam pemerintahan Swiss, khususnya pada tingkat Dewan Federal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif dengan studi kepustakaan melalui analisis dokumen hukum, konstitusi, literatur akademik, dan sumber kebijakan resmi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pengakuan empat bahasa nasional, larangan diskriminasi berbasis bahasa, serta prinsip subsidiaritas menciptakan fondasi hukum yang menjamin kesetaraan antar komunitas linguistik. Prinsip kolegialitas dan penerapan magic formula dalam Dewan Federal berfungsi sebagai mekanisme konsosiasional yang mencegah dominasi mayoritas dan menjaga keseimbangan representasi politik. Efektivitas model ini diperkuat oleh demokrasi langsung dan kewajiban evaluasi kebijakan sebagaimana diatur dalam Konstitusi Swiss. Lebih jauh, sistem konsensus Swiss terbukti mampu mengintegrasikan kelompok minoritas linguistik, termasuk komunitas penutur bahasa Romansh, ke dalam struktur politik dan hukum negara secara berkelanjutan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa power-sharing di Swiss bukan sekadar praktik politik, melainkan fondasi hukum institusional yang relevan sebagai rujukan bagi negara multikultural lainnya.

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