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The Role Anesthesiologist in Management of Obstetric Haemorrhage: A Literature Review Shantikaratri, Emilia T.; H, Ruddi; Isngadi
Majalah Anestesia & Critical Care Vol 42 No 1 (2024): Februari
Publisher : Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif (PERDATIN) / The Indonesian Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (INSAIC)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55497/majanestcricar.v42i1.324

Hemorrhagic shock in obstetrics is still a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recognition of bleeding in obstetric patients is complicated by the normal physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy. Visual estimates of blood loss are often erroneous and underestimated because of contamination with amniotic fluid, or internal or hidden blood loss. Thus, careful clinical observation and a high index of suspicion are required for the early detection and management of obstetric hemorrhage. The usage of ultrasound (US) is considered as the first line method for detecting abnormal condition which might serve as a predictor for hemorrhagic shock. Despite of careful risk assessment given, obstetric-specific bleeding protocols, such as resuscitation and blood transfusion, are required to facilitate the integration and timely escalation interventions. The intervention of choice for hemorrhagic shock in obstetrics encompasses a wide variety of options, such as the usage of tranexamic acid, cell salvage, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA), anesthetic management, and surgical, as well as radiological provides multiple available approach, each with their own risk and advantages. The purpose of this review is to describe the management of obstetric hemorrhage from anesthetic point of view, encompassing the identification of patients at risk, resuscitative management, and perioperative management.

Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy; Diagnosis and Mortality Rate in Intensive Care Saiful Anwar Hospital Ariady, Randika Rea; Wiwi Jaya; Arie Zainul Fatoni; Isngadi; Aswoco Andyk Asmoro
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v5i1.457

Introduction: Tracheostomy is a common surgical procedure performed on critically ill intensive care patients. Reports have documented considerable associated morbidity, with complication rates varying from 6 to 66%. The reports on mortality associated with tracheostomy range from 0 to 5%. Since its introduction, percutaneous dilatational tracheostomies (PDT) have gained increasing popularity. The most commonly cited advantages are the ease of the familiar technique and the ability to perform the procedure at the bedside.7 This paper aims to study the mortality rate and diagnosis of patients who performed the percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy procedure in the ICU of Saiful Anwar Malang Hospital. Methods: Observational analytical research is carried out cross-sectionally. Data was collected from the medical records of patients undergoing PDT for the period July 2022 – October 2022. Statistical analysis using the Chi-square test. Results: From 39 subjects, 34 (87.2%) subjects experienced respiratory failure. The most common cause was HAP pneumonia (61.5%), followed by CVA (17.9%) and CAP pneumonia (12.8%); the rest were EDH, SAH, and ASD secundum, as much as 2.6%. The outcome was that 13 (33.3%) subjects died, and the rest survived and were transported to a care ward. Correlation between patient outcomes with respiratory failure p=0.735, with diagnosis p=0.309. Conclusion: The most common diagnosis of PDT is HAP pneumonia. There was no significant correlation between diagnosis and mortality of patients performed by PDT.

Perioperative Considerations for ASD Device Closure in the First Trimester: A Case of Secundum ASD with Bidirectional Shunt Nugroho, Yusuf Agung; Isngadi; Ruddi Hartono
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 5 No. 3 (2024): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v5i3.640

Introduction: Atrial septal defect (ASD) closure during pregnancy is a complex procedure requiring careful consideration of maternal and fetal risks. This case report highlights the perioperative management of a secundum ASD with a bidirectional shunt in a patient during her first trimester. Case presentation: A 31-year-old woman, G3P2A0, presented at approximately 10-11 weeks gestation with a recently diagnosed large secundum ASD and pulmonary hypertension. She was on Sildenafil and Bisoprolol. Due to the potential risks associated with an unrepaired ASD during pregnancy, the decision was made to proceed with percutaneous ASD closure. General anesthesia was administered with meticulous hemodynamic monitoring. The procedure was successful, and the patient recovered without complications. Conclusion: ASD closure during the first trimester can be safely performed with careful planning and execution. Multidisciplinary collaboration and vigilant monitoring are crucial for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes.

Pengaruh Diabetes Mellitus Gestasional Terhadap Sirkulasi Uteroplasenta Isngadi; Uyun, Yusmein; Rahardjo, Sri
Jurnal Komplikasi Anestesi Vol 2 No 1 (2014): Volume 2 Number 1 (2014)
Publisher : This journal is published by the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, in collaboration with the Indonesian Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy , Yogyakarta Special Region Br

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jka.v2i1.7198

Diabetes mellitus pada kehamilan (Gestational diabetes mellitus/GDM) adalah intoleransi glukosa yang ditemukan pertama kali pada masa kehamilan dan sering menimbulkan komplikasi pada ibu yang mengandung maupun janin yang dikandung. Beberapa organ pada GDM mengalami perubahan struktur dan perubahan fungsi termasuk disfungsi endotel mikrosirkulasi dan makrosirkulasi fetoplasenta. Endotelderived Relaxing Factors (EDRF) khususnya prostasiklin dan nitrik oksida berperan penting dalam mengontrol sirkulasi fetoplasental. Endotel pembuluh darah pasien GDM mengalami disfungsi, yang menyebabkan sintesis dan pelepasan prostasiklin dan nitrik oksida (NO) mengalami gangguan sehingga tonus arteri meningkat. Peningkatan tonus arteri yang menuju uterus akan menurunkan aliran darah uteroplasenta dan akhirnya menurunkan umbilical blood fl ow (UmBF). Endotel pembuluh darah merupakan target utama dari stress oksidatif. Sintesa NO merupakan mekanisme penting yang mendasari perubahan pembuluh darah sistemik dan pembuluh darah uterin selama kehamilan.Beberapa penelitian membuktikan peranan NO dan ADMA pada kehamilan normal dan insufi ensi plasenta. Dengan berkembangnya pengetahuan akan mekanisme gangguan jalur ADMA-NO, pilihan tambahan untuk intervensi terapetik akan dapat ditemukan. Tatalaksana GDM secara umum adalah dengan pengaturan diet, latihan fisik selama tidak ada kontraindikasi, pengawasan dan kontrol gula darah, dan terapi farmakologi.Berbagai penelitian lain terus berusaha menemukan terapi-terapi baru untuk memperbaiki endotel dan sirkulasi uteroplasenta pada pasien GDM.

Neuroprotective General Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section in a Patient with Obstructive Hydrocephalus from a Vestibular Schwannoma Reza Ariestyawan Ramadhan; Isngadi; Buyung Hartiyo Laksono
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v6i2.774

Introduction: The confluence of advanced pregnancy and a large intracranial neoplasm presents a profound clinical challenge. This report details the management of a parturient with a vestibular schwannoma causing obstructive hydrocephalus and critical intracranial hypertension (ICP), a scenario where standard obstetric anesthetic practices are absolutely contraindicated. Case presentation: A 35-year-old G3P1 parturient at 36 weeks gestation with progressive blindness from a vestibular schwannoma presented for an emergency cesarean section due to fetal compromise. With clear signs of severe ICP, general anesthesia was administered. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and atracurium and maintained with sevoflurane and a remifentanil infusion, a regimen selected for maternal neuroprotection and fetal safety. Invasive arterial and central venous pressure monitoring guided hemodynamic management to ensure cerebral perfusion. A healthy infant was delivered. The family declined postoperative neurosurgery; the patient was managed conservatively with medical therapy and discharged in stable condition, with long-term follow-up confirming favorable maternal and infant outcomes. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a meticulously planned general anesthetic, centered on neuroprotective principles and guided by advanced physiological monitoring, can ensure a safe outcome for both mother and child in the face of critical intracranial hypertension. This success underscores the paramount importance of a deep pathophysiological understanding and seamless multidisciplinary collaboration.

The Novice Overshoot: A Bispectral Index-Based Analysis of the Anesthesiology Resident Learning Curve for Anesthetic Depth Control in Supervised Practice Rizki Suhadayanti; Isngadi; Buyung Hartiyo Laksono; Ristiawan Muji Laksono
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v6i2.790

Introduction: The skillful management of anesthetic depth is a cornerstone of anesthesiology, yet the objective characterization of the resident learning curve remains underexplored. This study aimed to quantitatively map the developmental trajectory of anesthetic depth control among anesthesiology residents in a supervised clinical environment. Methods: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study involving 21 anesthesiology residents (from seven sequential semesters of training) and 105 ASA I-II adult patients at a tertiary academic hospital. Under standardized supervision, residents induced general anesthesia. The primary outcome was the Bispectral Index (BIS) value and its categorical distribution (Deep: <40, General: 40-60, Sedation: >60) at 2 minutes post-intubation. Secondary outcomes included propofol induction dose and hemodynamic responses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-square tests. Results: Post-intubation mean BIS values showed a non-significant trend towards being lower in junior residents compared to seniors (p=0.088). However, the categorical distribution of BIS values differed significantly across training levels (p=0.015). Junior residents (Semesters I-II) induced a state of deep anesthesia (BIS < 40) in 46.7% of their patients, compared to only 11.1% for senior residents (Semesters V-VII) (p<0.001). This correlated with junior residents using significantly higher weight-adjusted propofol doses (2.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg vs. 1.9 ± 0.2 mg/kg; p<0.001). Conclusion: The anesthesiology resident learning curve is characterized by a distinct pattern of initial over-titration, or a "novice overshoot," leading to a higher incidence of unnecessarily deep anesthesia. While mean BIS values did not differ significantly, the distribution of hypnotic states reveals a critical educational target. BIS monitoring serves as a valuable objective tool for tracking the performance of the resident-supervisor dyad, offering data-driven insights for enhancing competency-based training and patient safety.

Successful Use of Low-Dose Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Section in a Parturient with Eisenmenger Syndrome: A Case Report Sahala Trident Sitorus; Isngadi
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v6i2.821

Introduction: Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) in pregnancy is a catastrophic condition associated with maternal mortality rates of 30-50%. The profound physiological changes of pregnancy, particularly the decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), exacerbate right-to-left (R-L) shunting, leading to severe hypoxemia and right ventricular failure. Anesthetic management is perilous, as both general and neuraxial anesthesia can precipitate hemodynamic collapse. Case presentation: We present the case of a 25-year-old G2P101Ab000 parturient at 32-34 weeks of gestation with ES secondary to a large secundum atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension. She presented for an urgent Cesarean section due to labor. A meticulous anesthetic plan was executed, centered on a low-dose Combined Spinal-Epidural (CSE) technique. This involved an intrathecal injection of 7.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine with 50 mcg fentanyl, followed by incremental epidural titration of 0.2% ropivacaine. Hemodynamic stability was proactively managed with inline infusions of phenylephrine and milrinone. The procedure was successful, maintaining stable maternal hemodynamics, SVR, and oxygen saturation. A healthy infant was delivered with APGAR scores of 7 and 8. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative recovery. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a carefully titrated, low-dose CSE technique, combined with invasive monitoring and proactive pharmacological support, can be a safe and effective strategy for Cesarean section in ES patients. This approach successfully navigates the hemodynamic dilemma by providing excellent analgesia while preventing a clinically significant drop in SVR.

Comparative Efficacy of Prophylactic Bolus Phenylephrine versus Ephedrine on Maternal Hemodynamics and Neonatal APGAR Scores in Elective Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Trial Pande Made Praskita Putra Soma; Ruddi Hartono; Isngadi
Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/jacr.v7i1.838

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension is a pervasive physiological challenge during cesarean delivery, precipitating maternal hemodynamic instability and compromising uteroplacental perfusion. While phenylephrine and ephedrine are the mainstay vasopressors for prophylaxis, their comparative impact on immediate neonatal vitality in the context of bolus administration remains a critical subject of investigation, particularly in resource-limited settings where infusion pumps are not universally available. This study aimed to rigorously compare the efficacy of prophylactic intravenous bolus phenylephrine versus ephedrine regarding maternal blood pressure control and neonatal APGAR scores. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind experimental study at Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, Malang. Forty-two parturients classified as ASA I or II undergoing elective cesarean section were randomized into two groups. Immediately following subarachnoid block, Group P received a bolus of Phenylephrine (125 µg), and Group E received Ephedrine (10 mg). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 minutes post-anesthesia. The primary outcome was the neonatal APGAR score at the first minute. Results: Both vasopressor regimens successfully mitigated severe spinal-induced hypotension. There were no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of systolic or diastolic blood pressure reduction between the Phenylephrine and Ephedrine groups at any observed time point (p>0.05). However, a significant divergence was observed in neonatal outcomes. The mean first-minute APGAR score in the Phenylephrine group was significantly higher (7.62 ± 0.97) compared to the Ephedrine group (7.05 ± 0.74) with a p-value of 0.038. Conclusion: Phenylephrine and ephedrine demonstrated equipotent efficacy in maintaining maternal hemodynamic stability when administered as prophylactic boluses. However, phenylephrine prophylaxis resulted in superior immediate neonatal vitality as evidenced by significantly higher first-minute APGAR scores. Phenylephrine should be prioritized as the vasopressor of choice to optimize neonatal safety during cesarean delivery.

Evaluation of Morphine-Sparing Efficacy with Low-Dose Ketamine in Pediatric Postoperative Pain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Naim Ismail Imunu; Isngadi; Rudy Vitraludyono; Arie Zainul Fatoni
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijmr.v6i1.835

Postoperative pain management in the pediatric population requires a delicate balance between effective analgesia and the minimization of opioid-related adverse events, particularly respiratory depression. While multimodal analgesia is the standard of care, the optimal dose-reduction potential of opioids when combined with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists remains undefined. We conducted a prospective, single-center, pilot randomized controlled trial using a double-blind observer protocol. Twenty pediatric patients aged 2 months to 7 years undergoing elective surgery were randomized into four groups. The control group (Group M) received standard continuous morphine at 0.33 µg/kg/min. Three intervention groups received fixed low-dose ketamine at 0.33 µg/kg/min combined with tapered morphine doses: Group KM-1 at 0.23 µg/kg/min, Group KM-2 at 0.16 µg/kg/min, and Group KM-3 at 0.06 µg/kg/min. The primary outcome was analgesic efficacy assessed by FLACC scores at 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included hemodynamic stability and rescue analgesia requirements. Baseline characteristics were comparable across groups. At 24 hours, the median FLACC scores were comparable between the high-dose control (Median 2.0; Interquartile Range 1.5–2.0) and the lowest morphine group (Group KM-3: Median 2.0; Interquartile Range 1.5–2.0; p = 0.438). Group KM-3 achieved an 81% reduction in morphine consumption with a 0% rescue analgesia rate, identical to the control group. In conclusion, preliminary data from this pilot study suggest that low-dose ketamine may permit a substantial reduction in morphine dosage of up to 81% without compromising analgesic efficacy. These findings warrant confirmation in larger, fully powered multicenter trials.

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