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All Journal The Journal of Society Medicine (JSOCMED)
Tona, Azwar Iwan
Unknown Affiliation
Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience

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Role of Glucagon in The Metabolic Response: Review Tona, Azwar Iwan; Syukri, Maimun
Journal of Society Medicine Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): February
Publisher : CoinReads Media Prima

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/jsocmed.v2i2.62

Abstract

Historically, glucagon is the counter-regulatory hormone of insulin. Glucagon secretion is induced by fasting conditions or hypoglycaemia to increase glucose levels. Glucagon is the dominant product of alpha cells in the islet and was first identified in 1923 during an attempt to purify insulin, where it was identified as a contaminant hyperglycaemia factor. Further research determined that the hyperglycaemic action of glucagon is mediated by increased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase endogenous glucose production. Insulin and glucagon as opposing hormones work together for glycaemic control. Diabetic hyperglycaemia is caused by increased impaired insulin action and inappropriately elevated glucagon levels. This review summarizes an important function of glucagon is its role as a regulator of glucose homeostasis. Increased plasma glucagon levels lead to increased hepatic glucose production. The balance between insulin and glucagon is responsible for maintaining euglycaemia conditions. In conditions of hypoglycaemia, increased glucagon secretion leads to increased hepatic glucose production through a number of cellular mechanisms including suppression of glycogenesis and glycolysis and stimulation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Literature Review Tona, Azwar Iwan
Journal of Society Medicine Vol. 3 No. 9 (2024): September
Publisher : CoinReads Media Prima

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/jsocmed.v3i9.172

Abstract

This literature review examines the advancements and outcomes associated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), a minimally invasive procedure widely utilized to treat coronary artery disease. The review highlights key studies that evaluate the efficacy and safety of PCI, comparing it to traditional surgical options such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It explores the evolution of PCI techniques, including drug-eluting stents and optical coherence tomography, and their impact on patient outcomes, including rates of restenosis and major adverse cardiovascular events. Stents should be deployed to attain minimal residual stenosis, referred to as optimum stenting. The achievement of a substantial luminal diameter reduces the likelihood of stent thrombosis and restenosis. Patients receiving elective stent therapy are often discharged within 24 hours post-implantation, following overnight observation and monitoring. Same-day discharge may be suitable for elective patients who have an easy operation and possess a minimal risk of post-discharge complications.
Evaluation and Management of Suspected Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients Tona, Azwar Iwan
Journal of Society Medicine Vol. 4 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : CoinReads Media Prima

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71197/jsocmed.v4i12.251

Abstract

Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical syndrome arising from a dysregulated host response to infection, encompassing a continuum of severity that ranges from sepsis to septic shock. Despite advances in critical care, sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with reported mortality rates exceeding 10% in sepsis and rising beyond 40% when septic shock develops. Contemporary management strategies emphasize early recognition, prompt source control, timely administration of antimicrobial therapy, and hemodynamic optimization. Current clinical practice largely aligns with the definitions proposed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, which focus on organ dysfunction as a central feature of sepsis. However, these definitions are not universally adopted, as alternative frameworks, including earlier systemic inflammatory response–based criteria, continue to influence clinical and regulatory practices in certain settings. The ongoing debate highlights concerns that the broad application of modern definitions may inadvertently promote overtreatment, particularly unnecessary exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, in patients with less severe disease. This review summarizes contemporary concepts in the clinical management of sepsis and septic shock, integrating evolving definitions with practical and bedside decision-making. Emphasis is placed on balancing rapid, protocolized care for high-risk patients with judicious therapeutic strategies to minimize harm to patients with milder presentations. By synthesizing guideline-based recommendations and ongoing controversies, this review aimed to provide a pragmatic framework for clinicians managing sepsis in diverse clinical contexts.
Co-Authors Maimun Syukri, Maimun