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All Journal Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din
Ahmad, Mohd Razlan
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Religion Arts Humanities

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THE INTEGRATION BETWEEN SYAR’I AND ASTRONOMY TO DETERMINE THE BEGINNING OF HIJRI CALENDAR: An Applied Study of Moon Elongation to Prove the Hilâl Testimony Nurkhanif, Muhammad; Muttaqin, Azmi; Imron, Ali; Ahmad, Mohd Razlan
Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam Vol 23, No 2 (2022): Islamic Law and Economic
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ua.v23i2.17489

Abstract

This article addresses the persistent inconsistency among Indonesian observers regarding the theoretical and practical criteria for determining the beginning of the Hijri month, specifically in the sighting of the hilâl (new crescent moon). While many observers focus primarily on the hilâl’s height above the horizon, they often overlook the critical factor of the elongation angle during observation. This inconsistency is reflected both theoretically and in practice, as evident in the official decisions issued by the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Motivated by this issue, the study analyzes data from hilâl sighting testimonies recorded between 1962 and 2021 to critically evaluate the Ministry’s decrees. Employing a qualitative and descriptive research design, the analysis follows Millis and Huberman’s data classification framework combined with a scientific and doctrinal approach to systematically classify the decrees. The study reveals that 45% of the decisions are classified as ithbât maslahî (pragmatic confirmation), while 55% fall under ithbât takâmulî (ideal confirmation). This division underscores the need for a refined theoretical framework to guide the acceptance of hilâl testimonies and reduce the reliance on pragmatic rather than ideal evidence. Consequently, the study proposes the M2P theory, a method designed to improve the selection process of hilâl testimonies by integrating both height and elongation criteria. This theoretical advancement is urgent for ensuring greater consistency and reliability in the Islamic lunar calendar, which holds significant religious and social implications in Indonesia.
Exploring the New Moon during the Time of Prophet Muhammad Using Digistar 6 Planetarium Nurkhanif, Muhammad; Djamaluddin, Thomas; Izzuddin, Ahmad; Ahmad, Mohd Razlan
International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din Vol. 26 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/ihya.26.2.23503

Abstract

This article aims to present a digital visualization of the new moon (hilal) as a determinant of the beginning and end of Ramadan fasting, exploring the astronomical phenomenon of hilal visibility during the Prophet Muhammad's era using the Digistar 6 system in a planetarium. Several Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) literatures discuss comparisons of fasting durations during the Prophet's time, ranging between 29 and 30 days. This study employs a qualitative research method based on library research, utilizing an astronomical approach and simulation observations in a planetarium. The data used include historical and astronomical data from the Prophet Muhammad's era, as well as related classical literature. The findings of the study include the integration of Digistar 6 technology with computational data to reconstruct the hilal phenomena of the Prophet’s time. For instance, the elevation of the hilal marking the beginning of Syawal in 8 AH was observed at a minimum Moon Altitude of 02°06’22” above the horizon, with an elongation of 04°55’56” and an atmospheric clarity of 9.52%. The Prophet Muhammad observed Ramadan fasting nine times, with six instances involving 29 days of fasting and the remaining three involving 30 days, as determined through simulated physical imagery of the hilal.
Exploring the New Moon during the Time of Prophet Muhammad Using Digistar 6 Planetarium Nurkhanif, Muhammad; Djamaluddin, Thomas; Izzuddin, Ahmad; Ahmad, Mohd Razlan
International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din Vol. 26 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/ihya.26.2.23503

Abstract

This article aims to present a digital visualization of the new moon (hilal) as a determinant of the beginning and end of Ramadan fasting, exploring the astronomical phenomenon of hilal visibility during the Prophet Muhammad's era using the Digistar 6 system in a planetarium. Several Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) literatures discuss comparisons of fasting durations during the Prophet's time, ranging between 29 and 30 days. This study employs a qualitative research method based on library research, utilizing an astronomical approach and simulation observations in a planetarium. The data used include historical and astronomical data from the Prophet Muhammad's era, as well as related classical literature. The findings of the study include the integration of Digistar 6 technology with computational data to reconstruct the hilal phenomena of the Prophet’s time. For instance, the elevation of the hilal marking the beginning of Syawal in 8 AH was observed at a minimum Moon Altitude of 02°06’22” above the horizon, with an elongation of 04°55’56” and an atmospheric clarity of 9.52%. The Prophet Muhammad observed Ramadan fasting nine times, with six instances involving 29 days of fasting and the remaining three involving 30 days, as determined through simulated physical imagery of the hilal.
Co-Authors Ahmad Izzuddin Ali Imron Azmi Muttaqin Djamaluddin, Thomas Nurkhanif, Muhammad