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Dampak Paparan Asap Rokok pada Kehamilan dan Masa Kanak-Kanak terhadap Risiko Stunting: Tinjauan Literatur Marmi Marmi; Arif Rohman Mansur; Sujono Riyadi
Optimal Midwife Journal Volume 2 No. 1 Juni 2025
Publisher : PT Nuansa Fajar Cemerlang

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Abstract

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang masih menjadi tantangan besar, terutama di negara berkembang. Salah satu faktor risiko yang masih kurang dieksplorasi adalah paparan asap rokok selama kehamilan dan masa awal kehidupan anak. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan tinjauan literatur dengan menelaah artikel ilmiah dari basis data PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus. Pencarian artikel dibatasi pada publikasi 10 tahun terakhir (2013–2023) dan menggunakan kata kunci seperti “smoking and stunting”, “smoking and pregnancy”, serta “smoking, stunting and pregnancy”. Dari 1.744 artikel yang ditemukan, 10 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi, yaitu membahas dampak paparan asap rokok terhadap pertumbuhan anak dan menyertakan informasi mengenai intervensi atau kebijakan terkait. Hasil: Paparan asap rokok selama kehamilan dapat menyebabkan hipoksia janin, gangguan fungsi plasenta, dan perubahan epigenetik yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan anak. Sementara itu, paparan pascakelahiran meningkatkan risiko infeksi saluran pernapasan serta mengganggu penyerapan nutrisi, yang semuanya berkontribusi terhadap kejadian stunting. Kesimpulan: Paparan asap rokok selama masa prenatal dan pascanatal merupakan faktor risiko signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak melalui mekanisme biologis, pascakelahiran, dan sosial-ekonomi. Upaya pencegahan yang efektif meliputi penerapan kebijakan kawasan tanpa rokok, edukasi kesehatan masyarakat, program penghentian merokok berbasis keluarga, serta penguatan regulasi fiskal seperti peningkatan cukai rokok.
REDUCING MENSTRUAL PAIN IN ADOLESCENTS: THE EFFECT OF DARK CHOCOLATE CONSUMPTION Rina Nuraeni; Marmi Marmi; Windri Dewi Ayu; Heni Heni; Sri Wasiyat
Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Journal of Maternity Care and Reproductive Health
Publisher : Ikatan Perawat Maternitas Indonesia Provinsi Jawa Barat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36780/jmcrh.v9i2.12369

Abstract

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common problem among adolescent girls and may negatively affect daily activities, emotional well-being, and academic performance. Various non-pharmacological approaches have been explored to manage menstrual pain with minimal side effects, including the consumption of dark chocolate, which contains magnesium and bioactive compounds associated with pain modulation and neuromuscular relaxation. However, evidence regarding structured dark chocolate consumption in early adolescent populations, particularly within school-based settings in semi-urban areas of Indonesia, remains limited, and optimal dosing schedules and implementation under nursing supervision have not been sufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine the effect of dark chocolate consumption on the reduction of primary dysmenorrhea pain intensity among adolescent girls. Methods: A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted among 30 seventh-grade female students who experienced primary dysmenorrhea. Participants consumed dark chocolate consumption with ≥70% cocoa content at a total dose of 30 grams per day, divided into three intakes per day, for two consecutive days during the first and second days of menstruation. Pain intensity was measured using a numerical rating scale before the first consumption (pretest) and after completion of the intervention (posttest). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess changes in pain intensity following the intervention. The findings demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant reduction in dysmenorrhea pain intensity within the study sample. The mean pain score decreased markedly from 6.13 prior to the intervention to 3.70 after dark chocolate consumption, reflecting a transition from moderate to mild pain levels among most participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank analysis confirmed that this reduction was significant (p < 0.05), indicating that the observed improvement represented a consistent and meaningful change across the sample rather than random variation. Dark chocolate consumption was associated with a significant reduction in primary dysmenorrhea pain among adolescent girls. These findings support the use of dark chocolate as a simple, acceptable, and low-risk non-pharmacological intervention.