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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Social Sciences Sentris
Duarsa, Made Usha M. G.
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health Social Sciences

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Persepsi Ancaman dan Respons Amerika Serikat di Arktik terhadap Polar Silk Road Duarsa, Made Usha M. G.; Setyono, Kezia Regina; Vidyarini, Rahel; Pakpahan, Aknolt Kristian
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v5i2.8504.154-170

Abstract

Tiongkok membentuk kebijakan Polar Silk Road (PSR) di tahun 2018. PSR dimaksudkan untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi positif antara Tiongkok dan negara-negara kawasan Arktik. Meskipun begitu, eksistensi PSR tetap dipandang sebagai ancaman untuk Amerika Serikat (AS) karena Tiongkok juga memiliki hubungan kooperatif dengan Rusia di kawasan Arktik. Keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan AS menghadapi dua ancaman: (1) persaingan ekonomi AS-Tiongkok; dan (2) kerja sama militer Tiongkok-Rusia. Dengan demikian, artikel ilmiah ini berupaya untuk menganalisis secara mendalam terkait persepsi ancaman AS atas eksistensi PSR, bagaimana ancaman tersebut mendorong respons dan tindakan AS di Arktik, beserta implikasinya terhadap stabilitas kawasan. Penggunaan kerangka teori power transition dipilih untuk menjelaskan respons AS terhadap PSR melalui tiga indikator: (1) ancaman dan dilema keamanan; (2) perimbangan kekuatan; serta (3) perdamaian dan perang. Power transition menjelaskan terkait eksistensi ancaman yang mendorong AS untuk melakukan perimbangan kekuatan melalui respons-responsnya seperti memberikan donor ekonomi dan penguatan aliansi di kawasan. Teori ini juga menekankan pentingnya tingkat perimbangan kekuatan yang diberikan AS, karena bentuk perimbangan dalam tingkat ekstrem akan menyebabkan eskalasi militer dan instabilitas kawasan. Maka dari itu, berdasarkan teori power transition, langkah paling strategis yang dapat diimplementasikan AS adalah dengan melakukan perimbangan kekuatan dalam tingkat rendah sehingga stabilitas Arktik tetap terjaga.   Kata kunci: Polar Silk Road, Arktik, Rivalitas AS-Tiongkok-Rusia, Transisi Kekuatan   China established the Polar Silk Road (PSR) policy in 2018. The PSR aims to build positive economic developments between China and the Arctic states. Nonetheless, China’s involvement in the PSR is still perceived as a strategic threat by the United States (the U.S.), due to China’s cooperative relationship with Russia in the Arctic. This leaves the U.S. facing two threats: (1) US-China economic competition; (2) China-Russia military cooperation. Consequently, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the U.S. threat perceptions regarding China’s PSR, how these threats drive the U.S. responses and actions in the Arctic, along with the implications for regional stability. Power transition theory is used to explain the U.S. response to the PSR through three indicators: (1) threats and security dilemma; (2) balance of power; and (3) peace and war. Power transition explains the existence of threats that drive the U.S. to pursue a balance of power through its responses, such as providing economic aid and strengthening alliances in the region. This theory also emphasizes the importance of the U.S. maintaining a balanced power level, as an extreme form of balance may result in military escalation and regional instability. Therefore, according to power transition theory, the most strategic measure that the U.S. can implement is to maintain a low level of balance of power in order to ensure Arctic stability. Keywords: Polar Silk Road, Arctic, The US-China-Russia Rivalry, Power Transition
The crucial role of international institutions to tackle child marriage issue Duarsa, Made Usha M. G.; Yazid, Sylvia
Indonesian Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijss.v17i1.54136

Abstract

Child marriage is a violation of children’s rights, and it violates international human rights conventions. Its practice remains high globally and has also increased in Nigeria and Indonesia. The efforts given by international institutions to address child marriage issues are certainly not lacking. Nevertheless, child marriage remains persistent in the global landscape. The prevalence of child marriage tends to be based on solid domestic reasons such as cultural and economic factors. This paper argues that the prevalence of child marriage globally occurs because of the absence of strict international policies to form international norms. This situation indicates the diffusion of norms from the international to the domestic level. Thus, the isomorphism theoretical framework is used to clarify the diffusion process of international norms condemning the practice of child marriage. Isomorphism theory explains that international institutions can set normative standards at the global level, which are then passed down to the regional, domestic, and individual levels. With that being said, international institutions play a crucial role in eliminating the implementation of child marriage. The authors used deductive analysis to utilize a structural approach that encourages a systematic explanation of the factors contributing to child marriage. With the existing theoretical framework, deductive analysis is meant to test the accuracy of isomorphism theory through an actual case study of international norm diffusion. Thus, deductive analysis will determine whether the norm diffusion process has been effectively distributed from the international to the individual level.
Persepsi Ancaman dan Respons Amerika Serikat di Arktik terhadap Polar Silk Road Duarsa, Made Usha M. G.; Setyono, Kezia Regina; Vidyarini, Rahel; Pakpahan, Aknolt Kristian
Jurnal Sentris Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Sentris
Publisher : Kelompok Studi Mahasiswa Pengkaji Masalah Internasional Unpar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/sentris.v5i2.8504.154-170

Abstract

Tiongkok membentuk kebijakan Polar Silk Road (PSR) di tahun 2018. PSR dimaksudkan untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi positif antara Tiongkok dan negara-negara kawasan Arktik. Meskipun begitu, eksistensi PSR tetap dipandang sebagai ancaman untuk Amerika Serikat (AS) karena Tiongkok juga memiliki hubungan kooperatif dengan Rusia di kawasan Arktik. Keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan AS menghadapi dua ancaman: (1) persaingan ekonomi AS-Tiongkok; dan (2) kerja sama militer Tiongkok-Rusia. Dengan demikian, artikel ilmiah ini berupaya untuk menganalisis secara mendalam terkait persepsi ancaman AS atas eksistensi PSR, bagaimana ancaman tersebut mendorong respons dan tindakan AS di Arktik, beserta implikasinya terhadap stabilitas kawasan. Penggunaan kerangka teori power transition dipilih untuk menjelaskan respons AS terhadap PSR melalui tiga indikator: (1) ancaman dan dilema keamanan; (2) perimbangan kekuatan; serta (3) perdamaian dan perang. Power transition menjelaskan terkait eksistensi ancaman yang mendorong AS untuk melakukan perimbangan kekuatan melalui respons-responsnya seperti memberikan donor ekonomi dan penguatan aliansi di kawasan. Teori ini juga menekankan pentingnya tingkat perimbangan kekuatan yang diberikan AS, karena bentuk perimbangan dalam tingkat ekstrem akan menyebabkan eskalasi militer dan instabilitas kawasan. Maka dari itu, berdasarkan teori power transition, langkah paling strategis yang dapat diimplementasikan AS adalah dengan melakukan perimbangan kekuatan dalam tingkat rendah sehingga stabilitas Arktik tetap terjaga.   Kata kunci: Polar Silk Road, Arktik, Rivalitas AS-Tiongkok-Rusia, Transisi Kekuatan   China established the Polar Silk Road (PSR) policy in 2018. The PSR aims to build positive economic developments between China and the Arctic states. Nonetheless, China’s involvement in the PSR is still perceived as a strategic threat by the United States (the U.S.), due to China’s cooperative relationship with Russia in the Arctic. This leaves the U.S. facing two threats: (1) US-China economic competition; (2) China-Russia military cooperation. Consequently, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the U.S. threat perceptions regarding China’s PSR, how these threats drive the U.S. responses and actions in the Arctic, along with the implications for regional stability. Power transition theory is used to explain the U.S. response to the PSR through three indicators: (1) threats and security dilemma; (2) balance of power; and (3) peace and war. Power transition explains the existence of threats that drive the U.S. to pursue a balance of power through its responses, such as providing economic aid and strengthening alliances in the region. This theory also emphasizes the importance of the U.S. maintaining a balanced power level, as an extreme form of balance may result in military escalation and regional instability. Therefore, according to power transition theory, the most strategic measure that the U.S. can implement is to maintain a low level of balance of power in order to ensure Arctic stability. Keywords: Polar Silk Road, Arctic, The US-China-Russia Rivalry, Power Transition
Co-Authors Aknolt Kristian Pakpahan Setyono, Kezia Regina Sylvia Yazid, Sylvia Vidyarini, Rahel