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All Journal Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering (AFSSAAE) Narra J
Tamala, Yulianida
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Engineering Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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A network pharmacology approach to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Sailah, Illah; Tallei, Trina E.; Safitri, Linda; Tamala, Yulianida; Halimatushadyah, Ernie; Ekatanti, Dewi; Maulydia, Nur B.; Celik, Ismail
Narra J Vol. 4 No. 3 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i3.1016

Abstract

The therapeutic potential of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) has been established both empirically and in various scientific investigations. However, the molecular pathways related to its possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular interactions between bitter leaf's bioactive compounds and cellular targets involved in these activities. The compounds in bitter leaf were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and subsequently, a network pharmacology approach was employed together with molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Acetonitrile (4.5%) and dimethylamine (4.972%) were the most prevalent compounds among the 38 identified by the GC-MS analysis of bitter leaf extract. The proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC) demonstrated significant connectivity within the antioxidant network, highlighting its pivotal role in facilitating inter-protein communication. It also exhibited strategic positioning in anti-inflammatory mechanisms based on closeness centrality (0.385). The enrichment analysis suggested multifaceted mechanisms of bitter leaf compounds, including transcriptional regulation and diverse cellular targeting, indicating broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) displayed strong interactions with multiple proteins, including SRC (-7.17 kcal/mol) and CYP3A4 (-6.88 kcal/mol). Moreover, EPEA demonstrated to form a stable interaction with SRC during a 100 ns simulation. In conclusion, the computational simulations revealed that the hypothetical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of bitter leaf compounds were achieved by specifically targeting SRC. However, confirmation using either in vitro or in vivo techniques is necessary.
Comparative study of drying techniques on the anti-inflammatory content of bitter leaf simplicia (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Tamala, Yulianida; Yani, Moh.; Sailah, Illah; Halimatushadyah, Ernie; Tallei, Trina Ekawati
Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering (AFSSAAE) Vol 8, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering (AFSSAAE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.afssaae.2025.008.01.10

Abstract

Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) hold significant potential for development in the pharmaceutical industry due to its high content of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, which serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents. A major challenge in processing bitter leaf into dried simplicia is the selection of an appropriate drying technique, as the drying process can alter the active compounds present in the plant. This study aimed to analyze the drying rate of bitter leaf and evaluate the most effective drying technique for preserving their anti-inflammatory properties. The drying process was conducted using an oven dryer at 40°C and 50°C, as well as a greenhouse dryer, and the reduction in moisture content over time was recorded. The dried simplicia was subsequently subjected to phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory activity testing. The results indicated that the drying durations required to achieve a final moisture content of <10% were 44 hours at 40°C, 20 hours at 50°C, and 9 hours using the greenhouse drying method. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids in the bitter leaf extract. The IC₅₀ values for the three drying methods were determined to be 25.33 ppm, 61.05 ppm, and 114.25 ppm, respectively. Among the drying methods tested, oven drying at 40°C yielded the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 25.33 ppm. The regression equation obtained was y = 0.072x + 48.176, with an R² value of 0.9899, indicating a strong correlation between extract concentration and inflammation inhibition. This suggests the potential for reliable prediction of optimal dosages for pharmacological applications.
Co-Authors Celik, Ismail Ekatanti, Dewi Halimatushadyah, Ernie Illah Sailah Maulydia, Nur B. Moh. Yani Safitri, Linda Trina E. Tallei, Trina E. TRINA EKAWATI TALLEI