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All Journal Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
Nada, Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

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Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia Setiawan, Fajar; Basuki, Tyas Mutiara; Santosa, Budi Heru; Pramono, Irfan Budi; Chulafak, Galdita Aruba; Rahmadya, Aldiano; Nada, Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.7379

Abstract

Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.
Forecasting land cover transitions in the Upper Bengawan Solo Watershed via CA-Markov modeling Nada, Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya; Sunariya, Muhammad Iqbal Taufiqurrahman; Nandini, Ryke; Chulafak, Galdita Aruba; Ariseno, Ilyas Ayub; Hadibasyir, Hamim Zaky; Faridah, Rahma Afifah Nur
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Vol. 13 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2026.133.10413

Abstract

The land cover change analysis in the Upper Bengawan Solo Watershed is crucial because Bengawan Solo is the largest watershed in Java. This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of land cover change in the Upper Bengawan Solo Watershed during the period 1995-2040. Land cover data obtained from satellite image interpretation were analyzed to identify changes in the periods 1995-2010 and 2010-2025. Furthermore, land cover projections in 2040 were modeled using the CA-Markov method, while the driving factors of land cover change were analyzed using GeoDetector. The analysis showed that settlements, agriculture, and water bodies showed an increasing trend during the periods 1995, 2010, and 2025, while vegetation and bareland showed a decrease. Single-factor analysis showed that slope, soil type, and proximity to rivers and roads had a statistically significant effect on land cover change (p<0.001), although the resulting q statistic value was relatively small. Interaction analysis showed that the combination of factors produced a higher q value than the single factor, especially for the combination of soil and rivers, but the effect remained relatively low. The results of the 2040 projection modeling indicate that settlement and agricultural land cover are expected to continue to increase. Settlements are projected to become the most dominant land cover in the study area, replacing vegetation. If this trend continues without intervention through spatial planning and conservation policies, the ecological balance of the area could potentially be disrupted.
Co-Authors Budi Heru Santosa Chulafak, Galdita Aruba FAJAR SETIAWAN Faridah, Rahma Afifah Nur Hamim Zaky Hadibasyir Ilyas Ayub Ariseno Irfan Budi Pramono Rahmadya, Aldiano Ryke Nandini Sunariya, Muhammad Iqbal Taufiqurrahman Tyas Mutiara Basuki