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All Journal ISLAM NUSANTARA: Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture Journal of Global Strategic Studies Muslim Politics Review Jurnal Hubungan Luar Negeri
Utama, Virdika Rizky
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Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences Other

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Nahdlatul Ulama’s Strategic Role in Shaping Indonesian Foreign Policy Utama, Virdika Rizky
Muslim Politics Review Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia (UIII)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56529/mpr.v3i2.312

Abstract

This article analyses the strategic influence of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) on Indonesian foreign policy using constructivist theory and social identity theory as frameworks. It contends that NU's contributions are motivated by its intrinsic identity and principles, including the promotion of moderate Islam, rather than by external influences. This research utilizes the G20 Religion Forum (R20) and the ASEAN Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue Conference (IIDC) as case studies to illustrate how NU capitalizes on its religious identity and principles to support Indonesia's diplomatic objectives of promoting peace, tolerance, and international collaboration. This study emphasizes the relationship between identity formation and policy results, illustrating NU as a crucial non-state participant in Indonesia's religious diplomacy.
The Global South in a Multipolar World Order: Utama, Virdika Rizky
Journal Of Global Strategic Studies : Jurnal Magister Hubungan Internasional Vol 5 No 1 (2025): Journal of Global Strategic Studies
Publisher : Master's Programs in International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Jenderal Achmad Yani University (UNJANI).

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36859/jgss.v5i1.3480

Abstract

In the context of the Global South, this research examines the dynamics of relations between Indonesia and China, with a particular emphasis on economic cooperation, diplomacy, and geopolitical influence. This research primarily examines the impact of the Indonesia-China strategic partnership on the economic development of Indonesia and the ASEAN region, as evidenced by initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It also examines the potential economic dependency and geopolitical conflict in the South China Sea and the implications of this cooperation for developing countries. This study concludes that the Indonesia-China partnership can serve as a model of South-South collaboration that contributes to a more equitable multipolar global order. However, it necessitates strategic balance to prevent over-dependence. This conclusion is reached through a qualitative approach.
Revisiting Sino–Indonesian Encounters: A Neo-Tributary Perspective on Power, Economy, and Islamic Maritime History Utama, Virdika Rizky; Mukhtar, Abdullah
Islam Nusantara: Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Islam Nusantara: Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture
Publisher : Faculty of Islam Nusantara, Nahdlatul Ulama University of Indonesia (Unusia) Jakarta.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47776/islamnusantara.v7i1.1819

Abstract

Patterns of Indonesia–China relations over the past two decades reveal an increasingly asymmetrical economic partnership shaped by large-scale investment in infrastructure and extractive industries. Strategic projects, such as the high-speed railway and nickel processing, illustrate how financial and technological dependence has deepened Indonesia’s structural vulnerability within the bilateral relationship. Interpreting these developments through the historical logic of the tributary system sheds light on emerging power hierarchies that resemble a modern neo-tributary order. Evidence from academic studies and media sources underscores the need for a more autonomous and strategically calibrated foreign policy to safeguard national sovereignty amid intensifying regional competition.  
The Post-Bandung Order and the Multiplex Trap: Reconsidering Indonesian Agency and the Imagination of the Global South Utama, Virdika Rizky; Mukhtar Abdullah
JURNAL HUBUNGAN LUAR NEGERI Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Hubungan Luar Negeri
Publisher : Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70836/c8zb2s39

Abstract

The 1955 Bandung Asian-African Conference is often regarded as a historic moment that paved the way for envisioning a more equitable global order. However, after seven decades, the spirit of Bandung has been preserved more as a ceremonial symbol than actualised into a substantive agenda. Utilising Amitav Acharya's framework of the multiplex world, this article proposes the concept of the "multiplex trap" to explain the paradox of multipolarity: the presence of more great powers does not necessarily bring about the democratisation of the global order, but rather multiplies the old layers of hierarchy. In this context, Indonesia faces complex agency challenges. Its presence in various international forums—the Non-Aligned Movement, G77, BRICS, and G20—demonstrates consistent multi-layered diplomacy, but this is not enough to change the global power structure. Through a historical-structural approach and critical examination of epistemic hierarchies, this article highlights how the Global South still largely uses vocabulary formulated by old and new hegemonies, making it difficult to produce alternative norms rooted in its own experiences. Case studies, such as Indonesia's reduction of export tariffs to the United States, followed by strategic import contracts, as well as the adoption of Chinese-style digital surveillance technology by the domestic elite, demonstrate how pragmatic choices can sometimes narrow the space for autonomy. The fragmentation of interests among Southern countries, the erosion of solidarity in trade transactions, and the limited normative innovation also explain why the spirit of Bandung has not evolved into Bandung 2.0. This article offers a forward-looking reflection: Indonesia can leverage its strategic position not only as a connector between blocs, but also as a formulator of a more inclusive alternative discourse. By shifting the focus of solidarity from blocs of countries to cross-border networks—such as climate justice, migrant dignity, and digital sovereignty—and building a more contextual diplomatic vocabulary, the Bandung spirit has the potential to be revived not as nostalgia, but as epistemic empowerment for the Global South.
Co-Authors Mukhtar Abdullah Mukhtar, Abdullah