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Optimizing the Supply Chain for Recycling Electric Vehicle NMC Batteries Fransisca Indraningsih Kasy; Muhammad Hisjam; Wakhid Ahmad Jauhari; Syed Ahmad Helmi Syed Hassan
Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri Vol. 23 No. 2 (2024): Published in January 2025 (published late, please read our note)
Publisher : The Industrial Engineering Department of Engineering Faculty at Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (548.594 KB) | DOI: 10.25077/josi.v23.n2.p207-226.2024

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicle production has led to increased waste batteries that can no longer be used. This increase causes environmental and economic challenges. Lithium-ion battery waste harms the environment as it contains toxic and flammable chemicals. New raw materials need to be procured economically due to the need for more infrastructure and a circular economy. Therefore, the solution to overcome the impact of the accumulation of lithium battery waste is to recycle the battery. Recycling end-of-life batteries is necessary to mitigate material supply risks, reduce demand for new materials, and mitigate harmful environmental and health impacts. This study aims to provide a conceptual model for the supply chain network design of electric vehicles' Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) battery recycling process. We developed a mathematical model to determine the allocation of multi-product recycling products from multi-suppliers and other related entities such as manufacturers and landfills over multiple periods. The analysis method utilizes techno-economic investment feasibility analysis and load distance method. The problem in the recycling process supply chain network is formulated in a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model. The MILP optimization results show that the proposed model produces a globally optimal solution for allocating NMC batteries. The application of this study is to provide a solution to the treatment of waste batteries from electric vehicle end-users in Java Island, Indonesia. In addition, it can develop economic opportunities in the waste battery recycling business in the electric vehicle industry. It is building a contribution to a sustainable electric vehicle battery management system by reducing the dependence on demand for new materials from mining and analyzing the sustainability of the NMC electric vehicle battery recycling process.
Impact of Nd2O3 on physical properties of lead borate glass system Marzuki, Ahmad; Astuti, Retno Willy; Fausta, Devara Ega; Kasy, Fransisca Indraningsih; Mahasindi, Melya Ayu
Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications Vol 7, No 2 (2023): Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v7i2.71762

Abstract

The Nd2O3 doped lead borate glass with composition 45B2O3-(40-x)PbO-11ZnO-4Na2O-xNd2O3 (x=0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5) mol% were fabricated using melt quenching method at 950oC for 35 minutes. The characterization of physical properties of glasses doped Nd2O3 were measured by density (ρ) based on the Archimedes principle. The other physical parameters such as molar volume (Vm), oxygen packing density (OPD), polaron radius (rp), ionic radius (ri), field strength (F), molar refraction (Rm), and metallization (Mn) were calculated using equation which derived from density. According to the measurement, the density of glasses decreased from 5.774 to 4.527 gr/cm3 while molar volume oppositely increased from 23.17 to 30.18 cm3/mol due to  atomic mass of Nd (144.24) smaller than Pb (207.2). Along with the increase of molar volume, there were decreasing of the OPD, the polar radius (1.731 -1.095) Å and the ion radius (4.296-2.717) Å iof glasses Meanwhile, the field strength and metallization properties of the glasses  increased as a result of the reduction rp and ri. The investigation of molar refractive shows an increasing trend because the addition of the concentration Nd2O3.
Effect of sodium oxide (Na2O) glass modifier on physical properties and gamma shielding in tellurite glass systems TeO2-ZnO-PbO-Bi2O3 (TZPB) Marzuki, Ahmad; Ariyanti, Selvina; Alvyanti, Frisca Aulia; Kasy, Fransisca Indraningsih; Fausta, Devara Ega; Riyatun, Riyatun; Sari, Arum Luvita
Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications Vol 7, No 1 (2023): Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v7i1.71795

Abstract

TZPB glasses with the composition 55TeO2-(41-x)ZnO-2Bi2O3-2PbO-xNa2O (x= 2; 2.5; 3; 3.5 mol%) have been fabricated and characterized to determine the physical properties and gamma radiation shielding parameters. The method of glass fabrication is melt quenching with the holding temperature at 900˚C for 30 minutes and the annealing temperature at 256˚C for 6 hours. The result of the characterization of the density and gamma shielding parameters was calculated using Phy-X PSD software. The glass density was measured using Archimedes's principle and showed a decrease from 5.79 to 5.73 g/cm3. The molar volume increased from 23.3 to 23.6 g/mol with the addition of Na2O concentration. Gamma radiation shielding parameters, LAC, MAC, MFP, HVL, and TVL simulated with the energy range were 10-3-105 MeV. The results of Phy-X/PSD software showed an increasing MAC, MFP, HVL, and TVL and decreasing in LAC with an increase in Na2O concentration.