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Battle for Blood: Child Custody Conflicts in Divorce – Islamic vs. Customary Law Sarfitri, Destika Santi Putri; Damayanti, Ratih; Fidiyani, Rini; Winarsih, Winarsih; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Muhsen, Jamaluddin Jamal
Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society Vol 3 No 2 (2024): July-December, 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang

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Child custody disputes following divorce often become complex legal and emotional battles, especially when religious and customary laws intersect. In many Muslim-majority societies, Islamic law (Sharia) and customary law (adat) both influence custody decisions, sometimes complementing each other but often conflicting in practice. Islamic law prioritizes the child’s welfare while emphasizing maternal custody during early childhood (hadanah) and paternal guardianship (wilayah) in later years. However, customary law, deeply rooted in local traditions, can override or modify these principles based on community norms, family ties, and social status. This study explores the legal and cultural dimensions of child custody disputes in divorce cases, analyzing the extent to which Islamic law and customary law shape judicial decisions and parental rights. While Islamic law prescribes clear guidelines, its application varies across jurisdictions, influenced by local customs and judicial interpretations. In many cases, customary norms challenge Islamic legal principles, leading to inconsistencies and gendered biases that may disadvantage mothers or overlook the best interests of the child. As globalization and legal reforms push for greater adherence to human rights and child protection standards, the tension between religious and customary laws raises critical questions about the future of custody rulings. This paper examines landmark cases, legal frameworks, and the evolving role of Islamic and customary laws in shaping custody outcomes. By comparing these perspectives, it seeks to highlight the need for harmonized legal solutions that prioritize the child’s well-being while respecting cultural and religious traditions.

Battle for Blood: Child Custody Conflicts in Divorce – Islamic vs. Customary Law Sarfitri, Destika Santi Putri; Damayanti, Ratih; Fidiyani, Rini; Winarsih, Winarsih; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Muhsen, Jamaluddin Jamal
Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Law, Morality, and Identity in Muslim Societies: A Contemporary Legal Discourse
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ciils.v3i2.31406

Child custody disputes following divorce often become complex legal and emotional battles, especially when religious and customary laws intersect. In many Muslim-majority societies, Islamic law (Sharia) and customary law (adat) both influence custody decisions, sometimes complementing each other but often conflicting in practice. Islamic law prioritizes the child’s welfare while emphasizing maternal custody during early childhood (hadanah) and paternal guardianship (wilayah) in later years. However, customary law, deeply rooted in local traditions, can override or modify these principles based on community norms, family ties, and social status. This study explores the legal and cultural dimensions of child custody disputes in divorce cases, analyzing the extent to which Islamic law and customary law shape judicial decisions and parental rights. While Islamic law prescribes clear guidelines, its application varies across jurisdictions, influenced by local customs and judicial interpretations. In many cases, customary norms challenge Islamic legal principles, leading to inconsistencies and gendered biases that may disadvantage mothers or overlook the best interests of the child. As globalization and legal reforms push for greater adherence to human rights and child protection standards, the tension between religious and customary laws raises critical questions about the future of custody rulings. This paper examines landmark cases, legal frameworks, and the evolving role of Islamic and customary laws in shaping custody outcomes. By comparing these perspectives, it seeks to highlight the need for harmonized legal solutions that prioritize the child’s well-being while respecting cultural and religious traditions.

Protection of Human Rights Against Women in an International Legal Perspective Kastiady, Salvia Salsabila Putri; Rajib, Rayi Kharisma; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Salikin, Zulfikar Ahmad Nur
International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Navigating Global Disputes: International Criminal Law, Human Rights, and Sover
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ildisea.v3i2.35119

The protection of human rights for women has been a central issue in international law, reflecting the evolving recognition of gender equality and the need to address systemic inequalities. Historically, women have been marginalized in both legal and societal structures, facing discrimination, violence, and economic disparity. However, over the past century, a series of international conventions, treaties, and declarations have sought to safeguard women's rights globally. Notably, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), and various regional instruments have played pivotal roles in shaping legal norms that promote gender equality and protect women from abuses. Despite these legal frameworks, challenges persist in the effective implementation and enforcement of women's rights protections. Cultural, political, and socio-economic barriers continue to obstruct the realization of gender equality in many regions, and women often remain vulnerable to violence, exploitation, and discriminatory practices. The international legal system, through the work of organizations such as the United Nations, has made strides in encouraging state accountability and establishing standards for the treatment of women, but gaps in enforcement mechanisms, state sovereignty, and varying cultural norms complicate the protection process. This paper explores the international legal frameworks designed to protect women's human rights, evaluates the effectiveness of these mechanisms, and examines the ongoing obstacles to achieving comprehensive gender equality. The study highlights the need for continued advocacy, stronger enforcement, and collaboration among global institutions to advance the protection of women's rights and ensure their full participation in all spheres of life.

Memahami Tanggung Jawab Indonesia yang Menimbulkan Transfrontier Pollution dari Kabut Asap Kebakaran apabila Ditinjau dari Prespektif Hukum Internasional Putri, Naila Sayyidina; Arifin, Ridwan; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur
Annual Review of Legal Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): January, 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/arls.vol2i1.14590

Pencemaran lintas negara akibat kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia tidak hanya berdampak negatif pada wilayah domestik, melainkan juga meluas ke negara-negara tetangga seperti Malaysia dan Singapura. Deforestasi yang masif, mencapai sekitar 72% dari total luas hutan asli dan berlanjut dengan laju 1 ,8 juta hektar per tahun, telah menjadikan Indonesia sebagai salah satu kontributor utama emisi karbon global. Masalah kebakaran hutan ini telah menjadi isu nasional yang mendesak, menuntut perhatian serius dari pemerintah dan kerja sama yang kuat di tingkat regional ASEAN. Penelitian ini menganalisis secara mendalam tanggung jawab hukum internasional negara, khususnya Indonesia, dalam mencegah terjadinya pencemaran lintas negara akibat kebakaran hutan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan mengacu pada berbagai sumber hukum, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sejauh mana Indonesia telah memenuhi kewajibannya dalam konteks hukum internasional. ASEAN telah mencanangkan beberapa inisiatif untuk mengatasi permasalahan kabut asap lintas negara, salah satunya adalah Persetujuan ASEAN tentang Pencemaran Asap Lintas Batas (AATHP). Melalui ratifikasi perjanjian ini, Indonesia berkomitmen untuk bekerja sama dengan negara-negara anggota ASEAN dalam upaya pengendalian kebakaran hutan. Meskipun telah dilakukan berbagai upaya mitigasi seperti pengeboman udara dan teknologi modifikasi cuaca, serta koordinasi lintas sektor, penegakan hukum terkait pencemaran lingkungan di Indonesia masih perlu ditingkatkan. Implementasi yang konsisten terhadap ketentuan hukum nasional, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup,serta norma-norma hukum internasional menjadi kunci dalam mengatasi pencemaran pencemaran lintas negara secara efektif.

Building a Model for Refugee Rights Fulfillment: Community Collaboration at Cisarua Refugee Learning Centre in the Context of International Law Arifin, Ridwan; Abidah , Shofriya Qonitatin; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Nte , Ngboawaji Daniel; Ezzerouali, Souad; Chhachhar , Varun
Indonesian Journal of Legal Community Engagement Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jphi.v8i2.33111

This study explores the model of fulfilling refugee rights through community collaboration, with a specific focus on the Cisarua Refugee Learning Centre (CRLC) in Indonesia. Refugees, as one of the most vulnerable groups globally, often face significant challenges in accessing their basic rights, including education, healthcare, and legal protection. The research analyzes how community-based initiatives, especially through the CRLC, contribute to the realization of refugee rights in the context of international law, such as the 1951 Refugee Convention. This study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between refugees, local communities, and international organizations in fostering an inclusive environment for refugees to access essential services. By examining the CRLC's efforts in providing education, skills, and advocacy for refugees, this paper proposes a sustainable model for refugee rights fulfillment that aligns with international legal standards.

Illegal Fishing in the Natuna Sea: How UNCLOS 1982 Shapes Law Enforcement Between Vietnam and Indonesia Scoornova, Purnandya Arya Aji; Lubis, Muhammad Ikhsan; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Ahmad, Nurul Hidayah Binte; Yifan, Liu; O’Connor, Liam James
Indonesian Journal of Environmental Law and Sustainable Development Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): July-December, 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijel.v3i2.40215

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, coastal livelihoods, and regional security, particularly in the strategically important Natuna Sea. This paper examines how the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 provides the legal framework for addressing illegal fishing activities and shaping law enforcement strategies between Vietnam and Indonesia. The study analyzes the obligations of coastal and flag states under UNCLOS, focusing on exclusive economic zones (EEZs), sovereign rights over marine resources, and the responsibilities to prevent, deter, and penalize IUU fishing. Through a case study approach, the article explores specific incidents involving Vietnamese fishing vessels operating in Indonesia’s EEZ around the Natuna Sea. It assesses how Indonesia has leveraged UNCLOS provisions, alongside domestic maritime law, to assert sovereignty, enforce regulations, and protect marine resources. The study also highlights challenges in enforcement, including jurisdictional ambiguities, resource constraints, and diplomatic tensions that complicate bilateral and regional responses. The analysis demonstrates that while UNCLOS 1982 establishes clear legal standards for maritime governance, its effectiveness depends on coordinated law enforcement, regional cooperation, and the integration of domestic and international legal mechanisms. The paper argues that addressing illegal fishing in the Natuna Sea requires not only adherence to UNCLOS but also proactive diplomatic engagement, capacity-building, and multilateral cooperation within Southeast Asia. Ultimately, the study concludes that UNCLOS serves as both a legal foundation and a practical tool for promoting sustainable fisheries management, strengthening maritime security, and mitigating conflict between Vietnam and Indonesia in the Natuna Sea.

Protecting Journalists in the Digital Age: A Cross-Jurisdictional Legal Comparison of Indonesia and the Netherlands Ari Rahmayani, Chanidia; Wulandari, Cahya; Qoiri, Mutmainah Nur; Winarsih; Pasaribu, Nauli Pinorsinta; Uliana Sianipar, Jennifer Margareth
Indonesia Media Law Review Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): July-December, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/imrev.v4i2.35972

This study examines the legal frameworks of Indonesia and the Netherlands in addressing doxing as an emerging threat to press freedom and the protection of journalists’ personal data. Although Indonesia has established several legal instruments, including the Press Law No. 40/1999, the amended Electronic Information and Transactions Law No. 1/2024, and the Personal Data Protection Law No. 27/2022. The existing regulations remain implicit, fragmented, and insufficient in providing legal certainty. Interviews conducted with three journalists from diverse professional backgrounds reveal that legal protection remains predominantly passive, with inadequate law enforcement against actors who perpetrate digital intimidation and attacks on journalists. In contrast, the Netherlands has adopted a more comprehensive regulatory approach through its constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, the direct implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the establishment of an independent data protection authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens), and the enactment of a specific anti-doxing law in 2024 that prescribes clear criminal sanctions. Additionally, the PersVeilig protocol demonstrates a more institutionalized mechanism for safeguarding journalists against threats in both physical and digital environments. Comparative analysis highlights the pressing need for Indonesia to strengthen legal protections for journalists through a more integrated model. This study recommends the development of explicit anti-doxing regulation, the establishment of an independent data protection authority, and the creation of cross-institutional collaboration protocols to ensure the safety of journalists and uphold press freedom in the digital democratic ecosystem.

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