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Comprehensive Characterization of Phospholipase C and D Families in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): Identification, Phylogenetics, Gene Structure, and Transcriptomic Insights Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Tran, Huyen Thi Thanh; Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh; Dong, Gioi Huy; Ha, Quyen Thi; Vu, Quyen Thi Xuan; Le, Chi Toan; Cao, Phi Bang; Chu, Ha Duc
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.3.768-780

Abstract

This study provides a detailed investigation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) gene families in cocoa (Theobroma cacao), focusing on their identification, characterization, and expression patterns. A total of 10 PLC and 12 PLD genes was identified and systematically annotated based on their sequence homology, conserved domains, and functional classification, adhering to established nomenclature. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed diversity in molecular weights, isoelectric points, and stability parameters, reflecting their structural and functional variability. Phylogenetic analysis classified the genes into distinct subfamilies and highlighted their evolutionary relationships with homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Gene structure analysis demonstrated significant variation in exon-intron organization, indicating functional specialization and regulatory complexity within these gene families. Expression profiling during cocoa embryo development showed that certain genes, such as TcNPC2, TcPI-PLC5, and TcPLDα1, were highly expressed, while others exhibited stage-specific activity. In response to Phytophthora megakarya infection, several PLC and PLD genes displayed significant changes in expression across different time points and genotypes, including the upregulation of TcPI-PLC2, TcPLDα5, and TcPLDζ2, suggesting their roles in cocoa's stress responses and defense mechanisms. These findings offer new insights into the biological roles of PLC and PLD gene families in cocoa, particularly in growth, development, and stress adaptation, providing a solid foundation for further functional research and potential applications in cocoa improvement programs.
The Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Trehalose-6-Phosphate Phosphatase in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Cao, Phi Bang; Chu, Ngoc Thi Bich; Tran, Lan Thi Mai; Le, Man Thi; Luong, Hang Thi; Le, Quynh Thi Ngoc; Dong, Gioi Huy; Chu, Ha Duc
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.4.940-949

Abstract

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), a vital industrial crop renowned for its economic and nutritional significance, faces increasing challenges due to climate change-induced stresses. To enhance the understanding of cocoa's adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene families, which play crucial roles in plant stress responses and development. Five TcTPP and eight TcTPS genes were identified using the latest cocoa genome assembly, distributed unevenly across nine of the ten chromosomes. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed significant variability in amino acid length, molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity among these proteins, suggesting functional diversity. Phylogenetic analyses, performed using the maximum likelihood method, classified the TcTPP family into three distinct clades and the TcTPS family into two main groups. Gene structure examination uncovered variations in exon-intron organization, with TcTPP genes containing nine to twelve exons and TcTPS genes ranging from three to eighteen exons, indicating structural diversity within these families. Based on publicly available datasets, expression profiling demonstrated differential expression patterns of TcTPP and TcTPS genes during embryo development and under biotic stress conditions, such as pathogen infection by Phytophthora megakarya. Certain genes exhibited significant upregulation or downregulation in response to stress, implicating them in cocoa's defense mechanisms. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the TPP and TPS gene families in cocoa. It lays a foundation for developing strategies to enhance stress tolerance and sustainability in cocoa cultivation amidst changing climatic conditions.
Genomic Characterization and Transcriptomic Profiling of Phospholipase A Superfamily in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao): Genome-wide analysis of the phospholipase A genes in cocoa Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Vu, Xuan Duong; Chu, Ngoc Thi Bich; Tran, Lan Thi Mai; Chu, Ha Duc; La, Hong Viet; Dong, Huy Gioi; Tran, Huyen Thi Thanh; Cao, Phi Bang
Journal of Tropical Life Science Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): In Press
Publisher : Journal of Tropical Life Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/res8c250

Abstract

This study investigates the phospholipase A (PLA) superfamily in cocoa (Theobroma cacao), providing a comprehensive analysis of its genomic organization, structural diversity, and functional roles. A total of 19 PLA1 and 20 PLA2 genes were identified, with detailed assessments of their chromosomal locations, protein properties, and exon-intron structures. Phylogenetic analysis established evolutionary relationships with PLA proteins from other species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Of our interest, transcriptomic profiling under biotic stress caused by Phytophthora megakarya infection and during embryo development revealed distinct expression patterns, demonstrating the involvement of PLA genes in stress responses and key developmental processes. Taken together, these findings provide valuable insights into the roles of PLA genes in cacao biology and offer a foundation for future applications to improve cacao’s resilience and productivity through genetic and biotechnological strategies.
Genome-Scale Screening, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Grain Amaranth Small Auxin-Up RNA Gene Family in Response to Drought Stress Vu, Xuan Duong; Azar, Sahar; Chu, Ha Duc; Le, Quynh Thi Ngoc; Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Nguyen, Thanh Xuan; Nguyen, Dinh Van
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 33 No. 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.33.2.518-528

Abstract

The Small Auxin-Up RNA (SAUR) gene family represents a class of early auxin-responsive genes that are widely involved in regulating plant cell elongation, tissue differentiation, and environmental adaptation. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the SAUR gene family in grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), a nutrient-rich pseudocereal. A total of 80 SAUR genes were identified based on the conserved PF02519 domain and were systematically characterized in terms of protein properties, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationships. Most SAUR genes in grain amaranth encode small, basic, and hydrophilic proteins, and gene structure analysis revealed that the majority are intronless. Phylogenetic analysis grouped AhSAURs into ten clades alongside Arabidopsis SAURs. Transcriptomic profiling across seven tissues and drought-treated samples showed that although many SAUR genes had low or no expression, several genes, including AhSAUR76, AhSAUR71, AhSAUR65, AhSAUR54, and AhSAUR73, were highly expressed in a tissue-preferential manner and showed responsiveness to drought. These findings highlight the potential regulatory roles of selected SAUR genes in growth and stress adaptation, offering a valuable resource for future genetic and functional studies aimed at enhancing agronomic traits in grain amaranth.