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Comprehensive Characterization of Phospholipase C and D Families in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): Identification, Phylogenetics, Gene Structure, and Transcriptomic Insights Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Tran, Huyen Thi Thanh; Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh; Dong, Gioi Huy; Ha, Quyen Thi; Vu, Quyen Thi Xuan; Le, Chi Toan; Cao, Phi Bang; Chu, Ha Duc
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 3 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.3.768-780

Abstract

This study provides a detailed investigation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) gene families in cocoa (Theobroma cacao), focusing on their identification, characterization, and expression patterns. A total of 10 PLC and 12 PLD genes was identified and systematically annotated based on their sequence homology, conserved domains, and functional classification, adhering to established nomenclature. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed diversity in molecular weights, isoelectric points, and stability parameters, reflecting their structural and functional variability. Phylogenetic analysis classified the genes into distinct subfamilies and highlighted their evolutionary relationships with homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). Gene structure analysis demonstrated significant variation in exon-intron organization, indicating functional specialization and regulatory complexity within these gene families. Expression profiling during cocoa embryo development showed that certain genes, such as TcNPC2, TcPI-PLC5, and TcPLDα1, were highly expressed, while others exhibited stage-specific activity. In response to Phytophthora megakarya infection, several PLC and PLD genes displayed significant changes in expression across different time points and genotypes, including the upregulation of TcPI-PLC2, TcPLDα5, and TcPLDζ2, suggesting their roles in cocoa's stress responses and defense mechanisms. These findings offer new insights into the biological roles of PLC and PLD gene families in cocoa, particularly in growth, development, and stress adaptation, providing a solid foundation for further functional research and potential applications in cocoa improvement programs.
The Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Trehalose-6-Phosphate Phosphatase in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis Nguyen, Quy Phuong; Cao, Phi Bang; Chu, Ngoc Thi Bich; Tran, Lan Thi Mai; Le, Man Thi; Luong, Hang Thi; Le, Quynh Thi Ngoc; Dong, Gioi Huy; Chu, Ha Duc
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 4 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.4.940-949

Abstract

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), a vital industrial crop renowned for its economic and nutritional significance, faces increasing challenges due to climate change-induced stresses. To enhance the understanding of cocoa's adaptive mechanisms, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene families, which play crucial roles in plant stress responses and development. Five TcTPP and eight TcTPS genes were identified using the latest cocoa genome assembly, distributed unevenly across nine of the ten chromosomes. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed significant variability in amino acid length, molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity among these proteins, suggesting functional diversity. Phylogenetic analyses, performed using the maximum likelihood method, classified the TcTPP family into three distinct clades and the TcTPS family into two main groups. Gene structure examination uncovered variations in exon-intron organization, with TcTPP genes containing nine to twelve exons and TcTPS genes ranging from three to eighteen exons, indicating structural diversity within these families. Based on publicly available datasets, expression profiling demonstrated differential expression patterns of TcTPP and TcTPS genes during embryo development and under biotic stress conditions, such as pathogen infection by Phytophthora megakarya. Certain genes exhibited significant upregulation or downregulation in response to stress, implicating them in cocoa's defense mechanisms. Taken together, this study provides valuable insights into the TPP and TPS gene families in cocoa. It lays a foundation for developing strategies to enhance stress tolerance and sustainability in cocoa cultivation amidst changing climatic conditions.
Genome-wide Analysis of CONSTANS-like (CqCOL) Transcription Factors in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): Structural Diversity, Phylogeny, and Stress-Responsive Expression Tran, Huyen Thi Thanh; Dong, Gioi Huy; Chu, Ha Duc; Cao, Phi Bang
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.5.1135-1146

Abstract

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is an ancient grain renowned for its remarkable nutritional value and remarkable adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, making it a valuable crop for enhancing food security. Understanding the molecular mechanisms triggering its development and stress responses is crucial for crop improvement. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the CONSTANS-like (CqCOL) transcription factors in quinoa, which play a pivotal role in photoperiodic flowering regulation. We identified and characterized 20 CqCOL genes, analyzing their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and promoter regions. Our findings revealed significant diversity among the CqCOL proteins and suggested potential functional specialization within the family. Promoter analysis uncovered various stress-responsive and phytohormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements, revealing that CqCOL genes may be associated with stress adaptation and hormonal signaling pathways. Transcriptomic analyses under different conditions supported these insights, highlighting the importance of CqCOL genes in quinoa's developmental processes and stress responses. Specifically, most CqCOL genes exhibited stable expression under heat stress, except CqCOL02 and CqCOL12, which were induced in roots by 1.85- and 1.91-fold, respectively. Under normal conditions, CqCOL01, CqCOL11, and CqCOL18 showed organ-specific expression, particularly in flowers and leaves, with no expression detected in roots. This study enhances our understanding of the CqCOL transcription factor family. It provides a foundation for future functional studies and breeding strategies aimed at improving stress tolerance and optimizing flowering time in quinoa.